Android 缓存优化
Ghelper 人气:0前言
大家看标题,可能会有点儿懵,什么是ViewPagers,因为在很久之前,我们使用的都是ViewPager,但是现在更多的是在用ViewPager2,因此用ViewPagers(ViewPager、ViewPager2)来代替两者,主要介绍两者的区别。
ViewPagers嵌套Fragment架构,在我们常用的App中随处可见,抖音的首页、各大电商app首页(淘宝、京东、拼多多)等,通过左右滑动切换Tab;但因为ViewPager的预加载机制存在,
我们先看下ViewPager的源码:
public void setOffscreenPageLimit(int limit) { if (limit < DEFAULT_OFFSCREEN_PAGES) { Log.w(TAG, "Requested offscreen page limit " + limit + " too small; defaulting to " + DEFAULT_OFFSCREEN_PAGES); limit = DEFAULT_OFFSCREEN_PAGES; } if (limit != mOffscreenPageLimit) { mOffscreenPageLimit = limit; populate(); } }
当我们设置offscreenPageLimit(离屏加载)的数值时,我们可以看到limit的值是有限制,不能小于DEFAULT_OFFSCREEN_PAGES
private static final int DEFAULT_OFFSCREEN_PAGES = 1;
那么就意味着ViewPager默认支持预加载,我们看下面这张图
如果红色区域默认为首页,根据ViewPager默认预加载的阈值,那么左右两边的页面同样也会被加载,如果有网络请求,也就是说,我们没有打开左边的页面,它已经默认进行了网络请求,这种体验是非常差的,因为会在暗地里消耗流量。
理想情况下,我们需要的是打开某个页面的时候才去加载,这里就需要通过懒加载的方式优化。
1 ViewPager懒加载优化
1.1 ViewPager的缓存机制
很多时候,我们在使用Fragment的时候,发现打开过的页面再回来,页面没有重建刷新,很多人觉得是Fragment是有缓存的,其实并不是Fragment有缓存,而是ViewPager具备缓存能力;
如果有小伙伴使用过单Activity + 多Fragment架构的时候就会发现,打开过的页面再次返回的时候,Fragment会被重建,所以两种架构都有利弊,关键看我们怎么选择,下面我们看下ViewPager的缓存机制。
public void setAdapter(@Nullable PagerAdapter adapter) { if (mAdapter != null) { ① mAdapter.setViewPagerObserver(null); mAdapter.startUpdate(this); for (int i = 0; i < mItems.size(); i++) { final ItemInfo ii = mItems.get(i); mAdapter.destroyItem(this, ii.position, ii.object); } mAdapter.finishUpdate(this); mItems.clear(); removeNonDecorViews(); mCurItem = 0; scrollTo(0, 0); } ② final PagerAdapter oldAdapter = mAdapter; mAdapter = adapter; mExpectedAdapterCount = 0; ③ if (mAdapter != null) { if (mObserver == null) { mObserver = new PagerObserver(); } mAdapter.setViewPagerObserver(mObserver); mPopulatePending = false; final boolean wasFirstLayout = mFirstLayout; mFirstLayout = true; mExpectedAdapterCount = mAdapter.getCount(); if (mRestoredCurItem >= 0) { mAdapter.restoreState(mRestoredAdapterState, mRestoredClassLoader); setCurrentItemInternal(mRestoredCurItem, false, true); mRestoredCurItem = -1; mRestoredAdapterState = null; mRestoredClassLoader = null; } else if (!wasFirstLayout) { ④ populate(); } else { ⑤ requestLayout(); } } // Dispatch the change to any listeners if (mAdapterChangeListeners != null && !mAdapterChangeListeners.isEmpty()) { for (int i = 0, count = mAdapterChangeListeners.size(); i < count; i++) { mAdapterChangeListeners.get(i).onAdapterChanged(this, oldAdapter, adapter); } } }
核心方法就是setAdapter,像RecyclerView一样,因为会有缓存,所以当页面滑动的时候,如果缓存中存在页面,那么就会从缓存中取,如果没有,就需要去创建新的页面,所以我们先来关注一下PagerAdapter
public abstract class PagerAdapter { private final DataSetObservable mObservable = new DataSetObservable(); private DataSetObserver mViewPagerObserver; public static final int POSITION_UNCHANGED = -1; public static final int POSITION_NONE = -2; public abstract int getCount(); //开始更新 public void startUpdate(@NonNull ViewGroup container) { startUpdate((View) container); } //初始化页面 @NonNull public Object instantiateItem(@NonNull ViewGroup container, int position) { return instantiateItem((View) container, position); } //销毁页面 public void destroyItem(@NonNull ViewGroup container, int position, @NonNull Object object) { destroyItem((View) container, position, object); } //结束刷新 public void finishUpdate(@NonNull ViewGroup container) { finishUpdate((View) container); } }
PagerAdapter是一个抽象类,那么这些方法肯定是具体实现类实现,如果我们在使用ViewPager嵌套Fragment的时候,使用的是FragmentPageAdapter
接着回到setAdapter方法中:
- ①:有一个全局变量 mAdapter,如果是第一个加载进来,那么mAdapter是空的,走到②
- ②:这里就是将我们传入的adapter给mAdapter赋值
- ③:这个时候mAdapter不为空,这里需要关注几个参数:
wasFirstLayout = true mRestoredCurItem = -1
所以这里直接走到⑤,调用requestLayout方法,会执行到onMeasure,在这个方法中,会执行populate方法(这个大家自己去爬楼)
populate干了什么呢?代码太多了就不贴出来了,直接上图:
如果是默认缓存(mOffscreenPageLimit = 1),那么在mItems就会缓存3个Fragment
private final ArrayList<ItemInfo> mItems = new ArrayList<ItemInfo>();
当页面滑动时,page2成为了当前页,那么ViewPager的populate做了什么操作呢?
- (1)首先page3会被预加载,这个时候调用了PagerAdapter的instantiateItem方法新建页面,并放在mItems集合中,并且设置为不可见的状态(setUserVisibleHint(false)),所有缓存中不可见的页面同理(2)page1就会从缓存中移除,调用了PagerAdapter的destroyItem方法,curPage会成为mItems中第一个缓存对象;
- (3)将page2设置为当前展示的Fragment
因此populate干的主要工作就是,随着页面的滑动,将Page从缓存中移除销毁,或者将新页面新建加入缓存中。
1.2 ViewPager懒加载方案
如上所述,ViewPager默认就是开启预加载的,而且默认最多能够缓存3个Fragment页面,那么为了避免流量的消耗,需要我们针对预加载这种情况进行页面懒加载,只有当页面可见的时候,才能加载数据。
class MainLazyLoadAdapter( fragmentManager: FragmentManager, val fragments:MutableList<Fragment> ) : FragmentPagerAdapter(fragmentManager) { override fun getCount(): Int { return fragments.size } override fun getItem(position: Int): Fragment { return fragments[position] } }
class LazyFragment(val index:Int) : Fragment() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) Log.e("TAG","LazyFragment $index onCreate") } override fun onCreateView( inflater: LayoutInflater, container: ViewGroup?, savedInstanceState: Bundle? ): View? { Log.e("TAG","LazyFragment $index onCreateView") return inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_lazy, container, false) } }
val fragments = mutableListOf<Fragment>() for (index in 0..5) { fragments.add(LazyFragment(index)) } vp_lazy_load.adapter = MainLazyLoadAdapter(supportFragmentManager, fragments)
首先我们先看默认预加载状态,验证之前源码中的原理:
//第一次进来 2022-08-28 13:41:15.759 12677-12677/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 0 onCreate 2022-08-28 13:41:15.760 12677-12677/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 0 onCreateView 2022-08-28 13:41:15.783 12677-12677/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 1 onCreate 2022-08-28 13:41:15.784 12677-12677/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 1 onCreateView
我们看到第一次进来,第二个Fragment被加载进来,然后右滑,第三个Fragment被加载
2022-08-28 13:41:15.759 12677-12677/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 0 onCreate 2022-08-28 13:41:15.760 12677-12677/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 0 onCreateView 2022-08-28 13:41:15.783 12677-12677/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 1 onCreate 2022-08-28 13:41:15.784 12677-12677/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 1 onCreateView 2022-08-28 13:48:45.248 12677-12677/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 2 onCreate 2022-08-28 13:48:45.250 12677-12677/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 2 onCreateView
当我们滑到第4个Fragment的时候,左滑回到第3个Fragment,发现并没有重建是因为缓存的原因,因为滑到第4个Fragment的时候,第2个Fragment已经被销毁了,再回到第3个Fragment的时候,第2个Fragment被重建,走了onCreateView方法
2022-08-28 13:41:15.759 12677-12677/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 0 onCreate 2022-08-28 13:41:15.760 12677-12677/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 0 onCreateView 2022-08-28 13:41:15.783 12677-12677/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 1 onCreate 2022-08-28 13:41:15.784 12677-12677/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 1 onCreateView 2022-08-28 13:48:45.248 12677-12677/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 2 onCreate 2022-08-28 13:48:45.250 12677-12677/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 2 onCreateView 2022-08-28 13:50:00.439 12677-12677/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 3 onCreate 2022-08-28 13:50:00.440 12677-12677/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 3 onCreateView 2022-08-28 13:50:01.344 12677-12677/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 4 onCreate 2022-08-28 13:50:01.345 12677-12677/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 4 onCreateView 2022-08-28 13:50:03.315 12677-12677/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 1 onCreateView
首先我们先看下,Adapter重建Fragment的时候的核心代码
public Object instantiateItem(@NonNull ViewGroup container, int position) { if (mCurTransaction == null) { mCurTransaction = mFragmentManager.beginTransaction(); } final long itemId = getItemId(position); // Do we already have this fragment? String name = makeFragmentName(container.getId(), itemId); Fragment fragment = mFragmentManager.findFragmentByTag(name); if (fragment != null) { if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Attaching item #" + itemId + ": f=" + fragment); mCurTransaction.attach(fragment); } else { fragment = getItem(position); if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Adding item #" + itemId + ": f=" + fragment); mCurTransaction.add(container.getId(), fragment, makeFragmentName(container.getId(), itemId)); } if (fragment != mCurrentPrimaryItem) { fragment.setMenuVisibility(false); if (mBehavior == BEHAVIOR_RESUME_ONLY_CURRENT_FRAGMENT) { mCurTransaction.setMaxLifecycle(fragment, Lifecycle.State.STARTED); } else { //关键代码 fragment.setUserVisibleHint(false); } } return fragment; }
我们可以看到,当前Fragment如果被创建但是没有在当前页面展示的时候,调用了fragment.setUserVisibleHint(false),也就是说setUserVisibleHint能够监听当前Fragment是否可见
所以我们对Fragment进行改造:
class LazyFragment(val index:Int) : Fragment() { //判断当前页面是否可见 private var isShow = false //判断页面是否创建成功 private var isViewCreated = false override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) Log.e("TAG","LazyFragment $index onCreate") } override fun onCreateView( inflater: LayoutInflater, container: ViewGroup?, savedInstanceState: Bundle? ): View? { Log.e("TAG","LazyFragment $index onCreateView") return inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_lazy, container, false) } override fun onViewCreated(view: View, savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onViewCreated(view, savedInstanceState) isViewCreated = true lazyLoad() } override fun setUserVisibleHint(isVisibleToUser: Boolean) { super.setUserVisibleHint(isVisibleToUser) Log.e("TAG","LazyFragment $index isVisibleToUser $isVisibleToUser") if(isVisibleToUser){ isShow = true //才有资格去懒加载 lazyLoad() }else{ isShow = false } } private fun lazyLoad() { if(isViewCreated && isShow){ Log.e("TAG","Fragment $index loadData") } } override fun onDestroy() { super.onDestroy() isViewCreated = false isShow = false } }
如果按照之前的方式,当调用onViewCreated方法的时候,我们就会加载数据;做了懒加载处理之后,重写了setUserVisibleHint方法,当前页面可见的时候,才有资格去加载数据,这样即便创建了Fragment,但是如果不可见就不会加载数据
2022-08-28 14:06:29.776 25904-25904/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 0 isVisibleToUser false 2022-08-28 14:06:29.776 25904-25904/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 1 isVisibleToUser false 2022-08-28 14:06:29.776 25904-25904/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 0 isVisibleToUser true 2022-08-28 14:06:29.782 25904-25904/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 0 onCreate 2022-08-28 14:06:29.783 25904-25904/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 0 onCreateView 2022-08-28 14:06:29.796 25904-25904/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: Fragment 0 loadData 2022-08-28 14:06:29.805 25904-25904/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 1 onCreate 2022-08-28 14:06:29.805 25904-25904/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 1 onCreateView 2022-08-28 14:06:59.395 25904-25904/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 2 isVisibleToUser false 2022-08-28 14:06:59.396 25904-25904/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 0 isVisibleToUser false 2022-08-28 14:06:59.396 25904-25904/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 1 isVisibleToUser true 2022-08-28 14:06:59.396 25904-25904/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: Fragment 1 loadData 2022-08-28 14:06:59.399 25904-25904/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 2 onCreate 2022-08-28 14:06:59.400 25904-25904/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 2 onCreateView
通过日志我们可以看到,当首次进入的时候,虽然Fragment 1 被创建了,但是并没有加载数据。
这里有个问题,既然可见之后就能加载数据,那么我只在setUserVisibleHint的时候,判断是否可见来去加载数据?
其实是不可以的,通过日志我们能够发现,setUserVisibleHint是早于onCreate方法调用的,也就是说在页面还没有创建时,去加载数据有可能导致页面元素找不到发生空指针异常。
2 ViewPager2与ViewPager的区别
上一小节,我们介绍了ViewPager的加载机制和缓存机制,那么我们把整套页面搬过来,唯一发生变化的就是将ViewPager转换为ViewPager2
class MainLazyLoadAdapter2( activity: FragmentActivity, val fragments: MutableList<Fragment> ) : FragmentStateAdapter(activity) { override fun getItemCount(): Int { return fragments.size } override fun createFragment(position: Int): Fragment { return fragments[position] } }
ViewPager2的适配器使用的是FragmentStateAdapter,因为FragmentStateAdapter继承了RecyclerView.Adapter,因此支持了横向滑动和竖向滑动
val fragments = mutableListOf<Fragment>() for (index in 0..5) { fragments.add(LazyFragment(index)) } vp_lazy_load = findViewById(R.id.vp_lazy_load) vp_lazy_load.adapter = MainLazyLoadAdapter2(this, fragments)
用同样的方式设置了适配器,我们看下日志输出,就会发现,咦?怎么跟ViewPager不一样了
2022-08-28 14:47:11.790 15514-15514/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 0 onCreate 2022-08-28 14:47:11.792 15514-15514/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 0 onCreateView
刚进来的时候,只有Fragment 1 加载了页面,并没有新建缓存页面,当我滑动到下一页的时候,也只有下一页的页面进行了重建
2022-08-28 14:47:11.790 15514-15514/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 0 onCreate 2022-08-28 14:47:11.792 15514-15514/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 0 onCreateView 2022-08-28 14:47:13.948 15514-15514/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 1 onCreate 2022-08-28 14:47:13.948 15514-15514/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 1 onCreateView
ViewPager2没有预加载机制吗?这里我们就需要看源码了,直接奔向setOffscreenPageLimit方法,我们看到跟ViewPager的setOffscreenPageLimit方法是不一样的
public void setOffscreenPageLimit(@OffscreenPageLimit int limit) { if (limit < 1 && limit != OFFSCREEN_PAGE_LIMIT_DEFAULT) { throw new IllegalArgumentException( "Offscreen page limit must be OFFSCREEN_PAGE_LIMIT_DEFAULT or a number > 0"); } mOffscreenPageLimit = limit; // Trigger layout so prefetch happens through getExtraLayoutSize() mRecyclerView.requestLayout(); }
public static final int OFFSCREEN_PAGE_LIMIT_DEFAULT = -1;
这里的判断条件 limit < 1 && limit != OFFSCREEN_PAGE_LIMIT_DEFAULT,有一个数值能够通过,就是-1,这就意味着,ViewPager2默认是不支持预加载的
但是ViewPager2的缓存策略还是存在,因为继承了RecyclerView的Adapter,所以缓存复用机制是跟RecyclerView一致的,默认mViewCaches缓存池的大小是3
2022-08-28 15:30:00.579 15514-15514/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 0 onCreate 2022-08-28 15:30:00.579 15514-15514/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 0 onCreateView 2022-08-28 15:30:03.883 15514-15514/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 1 onCreate 2022-08-28 15:30:03.884 15514-15514/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 1 onCreateView 2022-08-28 15:30:05.064 15514-15514/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 2 onCreate 2022-08-28 15:30:05.064 15514-15514/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 2 onCreateView 2022-08-28 15:30:08.997 15514-15514/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 3 onCreate 2022-08-28 15:30:08.997 15514-15514/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 3 onCreateView 2022-08-28 15:30:20.005 15514-15514/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 0 onCreate 2022-08-28 15:30:20.005 15514-15514/com.lay.image_process E/TAG: LazyFragment 0 onCreateView
当我们滑动到第4个Fragment的时候,注意这里跟ViewPager不一样的是,ViewPager的缓存是缓存当前页的左右两边,但是ViewPager2就是RecyclerView的缓存机制,顺序缓存;
当滑动到第4个Fragment的时候,因为缓存池大小为3,因此LazyFragment 0 就会从缓存池中移除,当再次滑动到LazyFragment 0的时候,就会重建!
所以当我们还在思考如何针对ViewPager的预加载机制做懒加载操作时,请将项目中的ViewPager迁移至ViewPager2
附录:
当你的项目中还在使用ViewPager时,建议使用当前这个懒加载框架
abstract class BaseLazyFragment<VM : ViewModel, VB : ViewBinding> : Fragment() { private lateinit var viewModel: VM private lateinit var binding: VB private var isShow = false private var isViewCreated = false override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) viewModel = getViewModelInstance() binding = getLayoutInflate(layoutInflater) } override fun onCreateView( inflater: LayoutInflater, container: ViewGroup?, savedInstanceState: Bundle? ): View? { return binding.root } override fun onViewCreated(view: View, savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onViewCreated(view, savedInstanceState) initView() isViewCreated = true lazyLoad() } override fun setUserVisibleHint(isVisibleToUser: Boolean) { super.setUserVisibleHint(isVisibleToUser) if (isVisibleToUser) { isShow = true lazyLoad() } else { isShow = false } } override fun onDestroy() { super.onDestroy() isShow = false isViewCreated = false } private fun lazyLoad() { if (isShow && isViewCreated) { initData() } } open fun initData() {} open fun initView() {} abstract fun getViewModelInstance(): VM abstract fun getLayoutInflate(layoutInflater: LayoutInflater): VB }
使用方式:
class LazyFragment(val index:Int) : BaseLazyFragment<MainVM,FragmentLazy2Binding>() { override fun initData() { super.initData() Log.e("TAG","LazyFragment $index initData -- ") } override fun getViewModelInstance(): MainVM { return MainVM() } override fun getLayoutInflate(layoutInflater: LayoutInflater): FragmentLazy2Binding { return FragmentLazy2Binding.inflate(layoutInflater) } }
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