MySql JOIN用法
一只小逸白 人气:0上次面试被问到JOIN,自己都已经忘了课堂上讲的笛卡尔积那些就是JOIN,最近重新复习了一遍
JOIN的含义就如英文单词“join”一样,连接两张表,大致分为内连接,外连接,右连接,左连接,自然连接。
先创建两个表,下面用于示例
CREATE TABLE t_blog( id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, title VARCHAR(50), typeId INT ); SELECT * FROM t_blog; +----+-------+--------+ | id | title | typeId | +----+-------+--------+ | 1 | aaa | 1 | | 2 | bbb | 2 | | 3 | ccc | 3 | | 4 | ddd | 4 | | 5 | eee | 4 | | 6 | fff | 3 | | 7 | ggg | 2 | | 8 | hhh | NULL | | 9 | iii | NULL | | 10 | jjj | NULL | +----+-------+--------+ -- 博客的类别 CREATE TABLE t_type( id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, name VARCHAR(20) ); SELECT * FROM t_type; +----+------------+ | id | name | +----+------------+ | 1 | C++ | | 2 | C | | 3 | Java | | 4 | C# | | 5 | Javascript | +----+------------+
笛卡尔积:CROSS JOIN
要理解各种JOIN首先要理解笛卡尔积。笛卡尔积就是将A表的每一条记录与B表的每一条记录强行拼在一起。所以,如果A表有n条记录,B表有m条记录,笛卡尔积产生的结果就会产生n*m条记录。下面的例子,t_blog有10条记录,t_type有5条记录,所有他们俩的笛卡尔积有50条记录。有五种产生笛卡尔积的方式如下。
SELECT * FROM t_blog CROSS JOIN t_type; SELECT * FROM t_blog INNER JOIN t_type; SELECT * FROM t_blog,t_type; SELECT * FROM t_blog NATURE JOIN t_type; select * from t_blog NATURA join t_type; +----+-------+--------+----+------------+ | id | title | typeId | id | name | +----+-------+--------+----+------------+ | 1 | aaa | 1 | 1 | C++ | | 1 | aaa | 1 | 2 | C | | 1 | aaa | 1 | 3 | Java | | 1 | aaa | 1 | 4 | C# | | 1 | aaa | 1 | 5 | Javascript | | 2 | bbb | 2 | 1 | C++ | | 2 | bbb | 2 | 2 | C | | 2 | bbb | 2 | 3 | Java | | 2 | bbb | 2 | 4 | C# | | 2 | bbb | 2 | 5 | Javascript | | 3 | ccc | 3 | 1 | C++ | | 3 | ccc | 3 | 2 | C | | 3 | ccc | 3 | 3 | Java | | 3 | ccc | 3 | 4 | C# | | 3 | ccc | 3 | 5 | Javascript | | 4 | ddd | 4 | 1 | C++ | | 4 | ddd | 4 | 2 | C | | 4 | ddd | 4 | 3 | Java | | 4 | ddd | 4 | 4 | C# | | 4 | ddd | 4 | 5 | Javascript | | 5 | eee | 4 | 1 | C++ | | 5 | eee | 4 | 2 | C | | 5 | eee | 4 | 3 | Java | | 5 | eee | 4 | 4 | C# | | 5 | eee | 4 | 5 | Javascript | | 6 | fff | 3 | 1 | C++ | | 6 | fff | 3 | 2 | C | | 6 | fff | 3 | 3 | Java | | 6 | fff | 3 | 4 | C# | | 6 | fff | 3 | 5 | Javascript | | 7 | ggg | 2 | 1 | C++ | | 7 | ggg | 2 | 2 | C | | 7 | ggg | 2 | 3 | Java | | 7 | ggg | 2 | 4 | C# | | 7 | ggg | 2 | 5 | Javascript | | 8 | hhh | NULL | 1 | C++ | | 8 | hhh | NULL | 2 | C | | 8 | hhh | NULL | 3 | Java | | 8 | hhh | NULL | 4 | C# | | 8 | hhh | NULL | 5 | Javascript | | 9 | iii | NULL | 1 | C++ | | 9 | iii | NULL | 2 | C | | 9 | iii | NULL | 3 | Java | | 9 | iii | NULL | 4 | C# | | 9 | iii | NULL | 5 | Javascript | | 10 | jjj | NULL | 1 | C++ | | 10 | jjj | NULL | 2 | C | | 10 | jjj | NULL | 3 | Java | | 10 | jjj | NULL | 4 | C# | | 10 | jjj | NULL | 5 | Javascript | +----+-------+--------+----+------------+
内连接:INNER JOIN
内连接INNER JOIN是最常用的连接操作。从数学的角度讲就是求两个表的交集,从笛卡尔积的角度讲就是从笛卡尔积中挑出ON子句条件成立的记录。有INNER JOIN,WHERE(等值连接),STRAIGHT_JOIN,JOIN(省略INNER)四种写法。
SELECT * FROM t_blog INNER JOIN t_type ON t_blog.typeId=t_type.id; SELECT * FROM t_blog,t_type WHERE t_blog.typeId=t_type.id; SELECT * FROM t_blog STRAIGHT_JOIN t_type ON t_blog.typeId=t_type.id; --注意STRIGHT_JOIN有个下划线 SELECT * FROM t_blog JOIN t_type ON t_blog.typeId=t_type.id; +----+-------+--------+----+------+ | id | title | typeId | id | name | +----+-------+--------+----+------+ | 1 | aaa | 1 | 1 | C++ | | 2 | bbb | 2 | 2 | C | | 7 | ggg | 2 | 2 | C | | 3 | ccc | 3 | 3 | Java | | 6 | fff | 3 | 3 | Java | | 4 | ddd | 4 | 4 | C# | | 5 | eee | 4 | 4 | C# | +----+-------+--------+----+------+
左连接:LEFT JOIN
左连接LEFT JOIN的含义就是求两个表的交集外加左表剩下的数据。依旧从笛卡尔积的角度讲,就是先从笛卡尔积中挑出ON子句条件成立的记录,然后加上左表中剩余的记录(见最后三条)。
SELECT * FROM t_blog LEFT JOIN t_type ON t_blog.typeId=t_type.id; +----+-------+--------+------+------+ | id | title | typeId | id | name | +----+-------+--------+------+------+ | 1 | aaa | 1 | 1 | C++ | | 2 | bbb | 2 | 2 | C | | 7 | ggg | 2 | 2 | C | | 3 | ccc | 3 | 3 | Java | | 6 | fff | 3 | 3 | Java | | 4 | ddd | 4 | 4 | C# | | 5 | eee | 4 | 4 | C# | | 8 | hhh | NULL | NULL | NULL | | 9 | iii | NULL | NULL | NULL | | 10 | jjj | NULL | NULL | NULL | +----+-------+--------+------+------+
右连接:RIGHT JOIN
同理右连接RIGHT JOIN就是求两个表的交集外加右表剩下的数据。再次从笛卡尔积的角度描述,右连接就是从笛卡尔积中挑出ON子句条件成立的记录,然后加上右表中剩余的记录(见最后一条)。
SELECT * FROM t_blog RIGHT JOIN t_type ON t_blog.typeId=t_type.id; +------+-------+--------+----+------------+ | id | title | typeId | id | name | +------+-------+--------+----+------------+ | 1 | aaa | 1 | 1 | C++ | | 2 | bbb | 2 | 2 | C | | 3 | ccc | 3 | 3 | Java | | 4 | ddd | 4 | 4 | C# | | 5 | eee | 4 | 4 | C# | | 6 | fff | 3 | 3 | Java | | 7 | ggg | 2 | 2 | C | | NULL | NULL | NULL | 5 | Javascript | +------+-------+--------+----+------------+
外连接:OUTER JOIN
外连接就是求两个集合的并集。从笛卡尔积的角度讲就是从笛卡尔积中挑出ON子句条件成立的记录,然后加上左表中剩余的记录,最后加上右表中剩余的记录。另外MySQL不支持OUTER JOIN,但是我们可以对左连接和右连接的结果做UNION操作来实现。
SELECT * FROM t_blog LEFT JOIN t_type ON t_blog.typeId=t_type.id UNION SELECT * FROM t_blog RIGHT JOIN t_type ON t_blog.typeId=t_type.id; +------+-------+--------+------+------------+ | id | title | typeId | id | name | +------+-------+--------+------+------------+ | 1 | aaa | 1 | 1 | C++ | | 2 | bbb | 2 | 2 | C | | 7 | ggg | 2 | 2 | C | | 3 | ccc | 3 | 3 | Java | | 6 | fff | 3 | 3 | Java | | 4 | ddd | 4 | 4 | C# | | 5 | eee | 4 | 4 | C# | | 8 | hhh | NULL | NULL | NULL | | 9 | iii | NULL | NULL | NULL | | 10 | jjj | NULL | NULL | NULL | | NULL | NULL | NULL | 5 | Javascript | +------+-------+--------+------+------------+
USING子句
MySQL中连接SQL语句中,ON子句的语法格式为:table1.column_name = table2.column_name。当模式设计对联接表的列采用了相同的命名样式时,就可以使用 USING 语法来简化 ON 语法,格式为:USING(column_name)。
所以,USING的功能相当于ON,区别在于USING指定一个属性名用于连接两个表,而ON指定一个条件。另外,SELECT *时,USING会去除USING指定的列,而ON不会。实例如下。
SELECT * FROM t_blog INNER JOIN t_type ON t_blog.typeId =t_type.id; +----+-------+--------+----+------+ | id | title | typeId | id | name | +----+-------+--------+----+------+ | 1 | aaa | 1 | 1 | C++ | | 2 | bbb | 2 | 2 | C | | 7 | ggg | 2 | 2 | C | | 3 | ccc | 3 | 3 | Java | | 6 | fff | 3 | 3 | Java | | 4 | ddd | 4 | 4 | C# | | 5 | eee | 4 | 4 | C# | +----+-------+--------+----+------+ SELECT * FROM t_blog INNER JOIN t_type USING(typeId); ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'typeId' in 'from clause' SELECT * FROM t_blog INNER JOIN t_type USING(id); -- 应为t_blog的typeId与t_type的id不同名,无法用Using,这里用id代替下。 +----+-------+--------+------------+ | id | title | typeId | name | +----+-------+--------+------------+ | 1 | aaa | 1 | C++ | | 2 | bbb | 2 | C | | 3 | ccc | 3 | Java | | 4 | ddd | 4 | C# | | 5 | eee | 4 | Javascript | +----+-------+--------+------------+
自然连接:NATURE JOIN
自然连接就是USING子句的简化版,它找出两个表中相同的列作为连接条件进行连接。有左自然连接,右自然连接和普通自然连接之分。在t_blog和t_type示例中,两个表相同的列是id,所以会拿id作为连接条件。
另外千万分清下面三条语句的区别 。
自然连接:SELECT * FROM t_blog NATURAL JOIN t_type;
笛卡尔积:SELECT * FROM t_blog NATURA JOIN t_type;
笛卡尔积:SELECT * FROM t_blog NATURE JOIN t_type;
SELECT * FROM t_blog NATURAL JOIN t_type; SELECT t_blog.id,title,typeId,t_type.name FROM t_blog,t_type WHERE t_blog.id=t_type.id; SELECT t_blog.id,title,typeId,t_type.name FROM t_blog INNER JOIN t_type ON t_blog.id=t_type.id; SELECT t_blog.id,title,typeId,t_type.name FROM t_blog INNER JOIN t_type USING(id); +----+-------+--------+------------+ | id | title | typeId | name | | 1 | aaa | 1 | C++ | | 2 | bbb | 2 | C | | 3 | ccc | 3 | Java | | 4 | ddd | 4 | C# | | 5 | eee | 4 | Javascript | SELECT * FROM t_blog NATURAL LEFT JOIN t_type; SELECT t_blog.id,title,typeId,t_type.name FROM t_blog LEFT JOIN t_type ON t_blog.id=t_type.id; SELECT t_blog.id,title,typeId,t_type.name FROM t_blog LEFT JOIN t_type USING(id); | 6 | fff | 3 | NULL | | 7 | ggg | 2 | NULL | | 8 | hhh | NULL | NULL | | 9 | iii | NULL | NULL | | 10 | jjj | NULL | NULL | SELECT * FROM t_blog NATURAL RIGHT JOIN t_type; SELECT t_blog.id,title,typeId,t_type.name FROM t_blog RIGHT JOIN t_type ON t_blog.id=t_type.id; SELECT t_blog.id,title,typeId,t_type.name FROM t_blog RIGHT JOIN t_type USING(id); +----+------------+-------+--------+ | id | name | title | typeId | | 1 | C++ | aaa | 1 | | 2 | C | bbb | 2 | | 3 | Java | ccc | 3 | | 4 | C# | ddd | 4 | | 5 | Javascript | eee | 4 |
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