Kubernetes(K8S)容器集群管理环境完整部署详细教程

这里先以k8s-master01节点为例，其他节点类似操作。
   
1）主机名修改
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname k8s-master01
     
如果DNS不支持解析主机名称，则需要修改/etc/hosts文件，添加主机名和IP的对应关系：
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# cat >> /etc/hosts <<EOF
172.16.60.241   k8s-master01
172.16.60.242   k8s-master02
172.16.60.243   k8s-master03
172.16.60.241   k8s-etcd01
172.16.60.242   k8s-etcd02
172.16.60.243   k8s-etcd03
172.16.60.244   k8s-node01
172.16.60.245   k8s-node02
172.16.60.246   k8s-node03
EOF
   
2) 添加docker账户
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# useradd -m docker
   
3) 无密码ssh信任关系
本篇部署文档有很有操作都是在k8s-master01节点上执行，然后远程分发文件到其他节点机器上并远程执行命令，所以需要添加该节点到其它节点的ssh信任关系。
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# cp /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# ssh-copy-id -i /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub -p22 root@k8s-master01
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# ssh-copy-id -i /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub -p22 root@k8s-master02
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# ssh-copy-id -i /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub -p22 root@k8s-master03
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# ssh-copy-id -i /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub -p22 root@k8s-node01
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# ssh-copy-id -i /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub -p22 root@k8s-node02
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# ssh-copy-id -i /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub -p22 root@k8s-node03
   
以上信任关系设置后，最好手动验证下本节点登陆到其他节点的ssh无密码信任关系
   
4) 更新PATH变量，将可执行文件目录添加到PATH环境变量中
将可执行文件目录添加到PATH环境变量中
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# echo 'PATH=/opt/k8s/bin:$PATH' >>/root/.bashrc
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# source /root/.bashrc
     
5) 安装依赖包
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# yum install -y epel-release
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# yum install -y conntrack ntpdate ntp ipvsadm ipset jq iptables curl sysstat libseccomp wget lsof telnet
     
关闭无关的服务
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# systemctl stop postfix && systemctl disable postfix
     
6）关闭防火墙
在每台机器上关闭防火墙，清理防火墙规则，设置默认转发策略：
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# systemctl disable firewalld
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# iptables -F && iptables -X && iptables -F -t nat && iptables -X -t nat
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# firewall-cmd --state
not running
   
7) 关闭SELinux
关闭SELinux，否则后续K8S挂载目录时可能报错 Permission denied：
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# setenforce 0
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# sed -i 's/^SELINUX=.*/SELINUX=disabled/' /etc/selinux/config
     
8) 关闭swap分区
如果开启了swap分区，kubelet会启动失败(可以通过将参数 --fail-swap-on 设置为false来忽略swap on)，故需要在每个node节点机器上关闭swap分区。
这里索性将所有节点的swap分区都关闭，同时注释/etc/fstab中相应的条目，防止开机自动挂载swap分区：
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# swapoff -a
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# sed -i '/ swap / s/^\(.*\)$/#\1/g' /etc/fstab
     
9) 关闭dnsmasq
linux系统开启了dnsmasq后(如 GUI 环境)，将系统DNS Server设置为 127.0.0.1，这会导致docker容器无法解析域名，需要关闭它 (centos7系统可能默认没有安装这个服务)
[root@k8s-node01 ~]# systemctl stop dnsmasq
[root@k8s-node01 ~]# systemctl disable dnsmasq
     
10）加载内核模块
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# modprobe ip_vs_rr
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# modprobe br_netfilter
     
11）优化内核参数
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# cat > kubernetes.conf <<EOF
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables=1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables=1
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle=0  #由于tcp_tw_recycle与kubernetes的NAT冲突，必须关闭！否则会导致服务不通。
vm.swappiness=0            #禁止使用 swap 空间，只有当系统 OOM 时才允许使用它
vm.overcommit_memory=1     #不检查物理内存是否够用
vm.panic_on_oom=0          #开启 OOM
fs.inotify.max_user_instances=8192
fs.inotify.max_user_watches=1048576
fs.file-max=52706963
fs.nr_open=52706963
net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6=1  #关闭不使用的ipv6协议栈，防止触发docker BUG.
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_max=2310720
EOF
     
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# cp kubernetes.conf  /etc/sysctl.d/kubernetes.conf
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/kubernetes.conf
     
这里需要注意：
必须关闭 tcp_tw_recycle，否则和 NAT 冲突，会导致服务不通；
关闭 IPV6，防止触发 docker BUG；
     
12）设置系统时区
# 调整系统 TimeZone
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# timedatectl set-timezone Asia/Shanghai
     
# 将当前的 UTC 时间写入硬件时钟
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# timedatectl set-local-rtc 0
     
# 重启依赖于系统时间的服务
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# systemctl restart rsyslog
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# systemctl restart crond
     
13）设置rsyslogd 和systemd journald (每台节点机都要操作)
systemd 的 journald 是 Centos 7 缺省的日志记录工具，它记录了所有系统、内核、Service Unit 的日志。相比 systemd，journald 记录的日志有如下优势：
-> 可以记录到内存或文件系统；(默认记录到内存，对应的位置为 /run/log/jounal)；
-> 可以限制占用的磁盘空间、保证磁盘剩余空间；
-> 可以限制日志文件大小、保存的时间；
-> journald 默认将日志转发给 rsyslog，这会导致日志写了多份，/var/log/messages 中包含了太多无关日志，不方便后续查看，同时也影响系统性能。
     
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# mkdir /var/log/journal           #持久化保存日志的目录
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# mkdir /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# cat > /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/99-prophet.conf <<EOF
[Journal]
# 持久化保存到磁盘
Storage=persistent
     
# 压缩历史日志
Compress=yes
     
SyncIntervalSec=5m
RateLimitInterval=30s
RateLimitBurst=1000
     
# 最大占用空间 10G
SystemMaxUse=10G
     
# 单日志文件最大 200M
SystemMaxFileSize=200M
     
# 日志保存时间 2 周
MaxRetentionSec=2week
     
# 不将日志转发到 syslog
ForwardToSyslog=no
EOF
     
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# systemctl restart systemd-journald
     
14) 创建k8s相关目录 (每台节点机都要操作)
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# mkdir -p /opt/k8s/{bin,work} /etc/{kubernetes,etcd}/cert
     
15) 升级内核 (每台节点机都要操作)
CentOS 7.x系统自带的3.10.x内核存在一些Bugs，导致运行的Docker、Kubernetes不稳定，例如：
-> 高版本的 docker(1.13 以后) 启用了3.10 kernel实验支持的kernel memory account功能(无法关闭)，当节点压力大如频繁启动和停止容器时会导致 cgroup memory leak；
-> 网络设备引用计数泄漏，会导致类似于报错："kernel:unregister_netdevice: waiting for eth0 to become free. Usage count = 1";
     
解决方案如下：
-> 升级内核到 4.4.X 以上；
-> 或者，手动编译内核，disable CONFIG_MEMCG_KMEM 特性；
-> 或者安装修复了该问题的 Docker 18.09.1 及以上的版本。但由于 kubelet 也会设置 kmem（它 vendor 了 runc），所以需要重新编译 kubelet 并指定 GOFLAGS="-tags=nokmem"；
     
这里升级内核方法：
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# uname  -r
3.10.0-862.el7.x86_64
     
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# rpm -Uvh http://www.elrepo.org/elrepo-release-7.0-3.el7.elrepo.noarch.rpm
     
安装完成后检查 /boot/grub2/grub.cfg 中对应内核 menuentry 中是否包含 initrd16 配置，如果没有，再安装一次！
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# yum --enablerepo=elrepo-kernel install -y kernel-lt
     
设置开机从新内核启动
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# grub2-set-default 0
     
重启机器
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# init 6
     
安装内核源文件（在升级完内核并重启机器后执行，也可以不用执行这一步。可选）:
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# yum --enablerepo=elrepo-kernel install kernel-lt-devel-$(uname -r) kernel-lt-headers-$(uname -r)
     
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# uname -r
4.4.180-2.el7.elrepo.x86_64
     
====================================================================================================================================
或者也可以采用下面升级内核的方法：
# git clone --branch v1.14.1 --single-branch --depth 1 https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes
# cd kubernetes
# KUBE_GIT_VERSION=v1.14.1 ./build/run.sh make kubelet GOFLAGS="-tags=nokmem"
# init 6
====================================================================================================================================
     
16) 关闭NUMA
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# cp /etc/default/grub{,.bak}
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# vim /etc/default/grub   
.........
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="...... numa=off"      # 即添加"numa=0ff"内容
     
重新生成 grub2 配置文件：
# cp /boot/grub2/grub.cfg{,.bak}
# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
   
17) 变量脚本文件 （这一步很关键）
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# vim /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
#!/usr/bin/bash
    
# 生成 EncryptionConfig 所需的加密 key
export ENCRYPTION_KEY=$(head -c 32 /dev/urandom | base64)
    
# 集群中所有节点机器IP数组（master,node,etcd节点）
export NODE_ALL_IPS=(172.16.60.241 172.16.60.242 172.16.60.243 172.16.60.244 172.16.60.245 172.16.60.246)
# 集群中所有节点IP对应的主机名数组
export NODE_ALL_NAMES=(k8s-master01 k8s-master02 k8s-master03 k8s-node01 k8s-node02 k8s-node03)
   
# 集群中所有master节点集群IP数组
export NODE_MASTER_IPS=(172.16.60.241 172.16.60.242 172.16.60.243)
# 集群中master节点IP对应的主机名数组
export NODE_MASTER_NAMES=(k8s-master01 k8s-master02 k8s-master03)
   
# 集群中所有node节点集群IP数组
export NODE_NODE_IPS=(172.16.60.244 172.16.60.245 172.16.60.246)
# 集群中node节点IP对应的主机名数组
export NODE_NODE_NAMES=(k8s-node01 k8s-node02 k8s-node03)
   
# 集群中所有etcd节点集群IP数组
export NODE_ETCD_IPS=(172.16.60.241 172.16.60.242 172.16.60.243)
# 集群中etcd节点IP对应的主机名数组(这里是和master三节点机器共用)
export NODE_ETCD_NAMES=(k8s-etcd01 k8s-etcd02 k8s-etcd03)
   
# etcd 集群服务地址列表
export ETCD_ENDPOINTS="https://172.16.60.241:2379,https://172.16.60.242:2379,https://172.16.60.243:2379"
    
# etcd 集群间通信的 IP 和端口
export ETCD_NODES="k8s-etcd01=https://172.16.60.241:2380,k8s-etcd02=https://172.16.60.242:2380,k8s-etcd03=https://172.16.60.243:2380"
    
# kube-apiserver 的反向代理(地址端口.这里也就是nginx代理层的VIP地址
export KUBE_APISERVER="https://172.16.60.250:8443"
    
# 节点间互联网络接口名称. 这里我所有的centos7节点机的网卡设备是ens192，而不是eth0
export IFACE="ens192"
    
# etcd 数据目录
export ETCD_DATA_DIR="/data/k8s/etcd/data"
    
# etcd WAL 目录，建议是 SSD 磁盘分区，或者和 ETCD_DATA_DIR 不同的磁盘分区
export ETCD_WAL_DIR="/data/k8s/etcd/wal"
    
# k8s 各组件数据目录
export K8S_DIR="/data/k8s/k8s"
    
# docker 数据目录
export DOCKER_DIR="/data/k8s/docker"
    
## 以下参数一般不需要修改
    
# TLS Bootstrapping 使用的 Token，可以使用命令 head -c 16 /dev/urandom | od -An -t x | tr -d ' ' 生成
BOOTSTRAP_TOKEN="41f7e4ba8b7be874fcff18bf5cf41a7c"
    
# 最好使用 当前未用的网段 来定义服务网段和 Pod 网段
    
# 服务网段，部署前路由不可达，部署后集群内路由可达(kube-proxy 保证)
SERVICE_CIDR="10.254.0.0/16"
    
# Pod 网段，建议 /16 段地址，部署前路由不可达，部署后集群内路由可达(flanneld 保证)
CLUSTER_CIDR="172.30.0.0/16"
    
# 服务端口范围 (NodePort Range)
export NODE_PORT_RANGE="30000-32767"
    
# flanneld 网络配置前缀
export FLANNEL_ETCD_PREFIX="/kubernetes/network"
    
# kubernetes 服务 IP (一般是 SERVICE_CIDR 中第一个IP)
export CLUSTER_KUBERNETES_SVC_IP="10.254.0.1"
    
# 集群 DNS 服务 IP (从 SERVICE_CIDR 中预分配)
export CLUSTER_DNS_SVC_IP="10.254.0.2"
    
# 集群 DNS 域名（末尾不带点号）
export CLUSTER_DNS_DOMAIN="cluster.local"
    
# 将二进制目录 /opt/k8s/bin 加到 PATH 中
export PATH=/opt/k8s/bin:$PATH

1）安装cfssl工具集
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# mkdir -p /opt/k8s/work && cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-master01 work]# wget http://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssl_linux-amd64
[root@k8s-master01 work]# mv cfssl_linux-amd64 /opt/k8s/bin/cfssl
   
[root@k8s-master01 work]# wget http://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssljson_linux-amd64
[root@k8s-master01 work]# mv cfssljson_linux-amd64 /opt/k8s/bin/cfssljson
   
[root@k8s-master01 work]# wget http://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssl-certinfo_linux-amd64
[root@k8s-master01 work]# mv cfssl-certinfo_linux-amd64 /opt/k8s/bin/cfssl-certinfo
   
[root@k8s-master01 work]# chmod +x /opt/k8s/bin/*
[root@k8s-master01 work]# export PATH=/opt/k8s/bin:$PATH
   
2）创建根证书 (CA)
CA 证书是集群所有节点共享的，只需要创建一个 CA 证书，后续创建的所有证书都由它签名。
2.1）创建配置文件
CA 配置文件用于配置根证书的使用场景 (profile) 和具体参数 (usage，过期时间、服务端认证、客户端认证、加密等)，后续在签名其它证书时需要指定特定场景。
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cat > ca-config.json <<EOF
{
  "signing": {
    "default": {
      "expiry": "87600h"
    },
    "profiles": {
      "kubernetes": {
        "usages": [
            "signing",
            "key encipherment",
            "server auth",
            "client auth"
        ],
        "expiry": "87600h"
      }
    }
  }
}
EOF
   
配置说明：
signing：表示该证书可用于签名其它证书，生成的 ca.pem 证书中 CA=TRUE；
server auth：表示 client 可以用该该证书对 server 提供的证书进行验证；
client auth：表示 server 可以用该该证书对 client 提供的证书进行验证；
   
2.2）创建证书签名请求文件
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cat > ca-csr.json <<EOF
{
  "CN": "kubernetes",
  "key": {
    "algo": "rsa",
    "size": 2048
  },
  "names": [
    {
      "C": "CN",
      "ST": "BeiJing",
      "L": "BeiJing",
      "O": "k8s",
      "OU": "4Paradigm"
    }
  ]
}
EOF
   
配置说明：
CN：Common Name，kube-apiserver 从证书中提取该字段作为请求的用户名 (User Name)，浏览器使用该字段验证网站是否合法；
O：Organization，kube-apiserver 从证书中提取该字段作为请求用户所属的组 (Group)；
kube-apiserver 将提取的 User、Group 作为 RBAC 授权的用户标识；
   
2.3）生成 CA 证书和私钥
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cfssl gencert -initca ca-csr.json | cfssljson -bare ca
[root@k8s-master01 work]# ls ca*
ca-config.json  ca.csr  ca-csr.json  ca-key.pem  ca.pem
[root@k8s-master01 work]#
   
3）分发证书文件
将生成的 CA 证书、秘钥文件、配置文件拷贝到所有节点的 /etc/kubernetes/cert 目录下：
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-master01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
[root@k8s-master01 work]# for node_all_ip in ${NODE_ALL_IPS[@]}
  do
    echo ">>> ${node_all_ip}"
    ssh root@${node_all_ip} "mkdir -p /etc/kubernetes/cert"
    scp ca*.pem ca-config.json root@${node_all_ip}:/etc/kubernetes/cert
  done

如果没有部署kubectl工具，则执行时会报错说没有该命令：
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get pods
-bash: kubectl: command not found
  
1）下载和分发kubectl二进制文件
二进制包下载地址：http://pan.baidu.com/s/1HUWFqKVLyxIzoX2LDQSEBg
提取密码：7kaf
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-master01 work]# wget https://dl.k8s.io/v1.14.2/kubernetes-client-linux-amd64.tar.gz
[root@k8s-master01 work]# tar -xzvf kubernetes-client-linux-amd64.tar.gz
  
分发到所有使用kubectl的节点，这里只分发到三个master节点
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-master01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
[root@k8s-master01 work]# for node_master_ip in ${NODE_MASTER_IPS[@]}
do
  echo ">>> ${node_master_ip}"
  scp kubernetes/client/bin/kubectl root@${node_master_ip}:/opt/k8s/bin/
  ssh root@${node_master_ip} "chmod +x /opt/k8s/bin/*"
done
  
2) 创建admin证书和私钥
kubectl与apiserver https安全端口通信，apiserver 对提供的证书进行认证和授权。
kubectl作为集群的管理工具，需要被授予最高权限，这里创建具有最高权限的 admin 证书。
创建证书签名请求：
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cat > admin-csr.json <<EOF
{
  "CN": "admin",
  "hosts": [],
  "key": {
    "algo": "rsa",
    "size": 2048
  },
  "names": [
    {
      "C": "CN",
      "ST": "BeiJing",
      "L": "BeiJing",
      "O": "system:masters",
      "OU": "4Paradigm"
    }
  ]
}
EOF
  
配置说明：
O为system:masters，kube-apiserver 收到该证书后将请求的 Group 设置为 system:masters；
预定义的 ClusterRoleBinding cluster-admin 将Group system:masters 与 Role cluster-admin 绑定，该 Role 授予所有 API的权限；
该证书只会被kubectl当做client证书使用，所以hosts字段为空；
  
生成证书和私钥：
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cfssl gencert -ca=/opt/k8s/work/ca.pem \
  -ca-key=/opt/k8s/work/ca-key.pem \
  -config=/opt/k8s/work/ca-config.json \
  -profile=kubernetes admin-csr.json | cfssljson -bare admin
  
[root@k8s-master01 work]# ls admin*
admin.csr  admin-csr.json  admin-key.pem  admin.pem
  
3）创建 kubeconfig 文件
kubeconfig 为 kubectl 的配置文件，包含访问 apiserver 的所有信息，如 apiserver 地址、CA 证书和自身使用的证书；
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-master01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
  
设置集群参数
[root@k8s-master01 work]# kubectl config set-cluster kubernetes \
  --certificate-authority=/opt/k8s/work/ca.pem \
  --embed-certs=true \
  --server=${KUBE_APISERVER} \
  --kubeconfig=kubectl.kubeconfig
  
设置客户端认证参数
[root@k8s-master01 work]# kubectl config set-credentials admin \
  --client-certificate=/opt/k8s/work/admin.pem \
  --client-key=/opt/k8s/work/admin-key.pem \
  --embed-certs=true \
  --kubeconfig=kubectl.kubeconfig
  
设置上下文参数
[root@k8s-master01 work]# kubectl config set-context kubernetes \
  --cluster=kubernetes \
  --user=admin \
  --kubeconfig=kubectl.kubeconfig
  
设置默认上下文
[root@k8s-master01 work]# kubectl config use-context kubernetes --kubeconfig=kubectl.kubeconfig
  
配置说明：
--certificate-authority：验证 kube-apiserver 证书的根证书；
--client-certificate、--client-key：刚生成的 admin 证书和私钥，连接 kube-apiserver 时使用；
--embed-certs=true：将 ca.pem 和 admin.pem 证书内容嵌入到生成的 kubectl.kubeconfig 文件中(不加时，写入的是证书文件路径，
后续拷贝 kubeconfig 到其它机器时，还需要单独拷贝证书文件，这就很不方便了)
  
4）分发 kubeconfig 文件, 保存的文件名为 ~/.kube/config；
分发到所有使用 kubectl 命令的节点，即分发到三个master节点上
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-master01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
[root@k8s-master01 work]# for node_master_ip in ${NODE_MASTER_IPS[@]}
do
  echo ">>> ${node_master_ip}"
  ssh root@${node_master_ip} "mkdir -p ~/.kube"
  scp kubectl.kubeconfig root@${node_master_ip}:~/.kube/config
done

1）下载和分发etcd二进制文件
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-master01 work]# wget https://github.com/coreos/etcd/releases/download/v3.3.13/etcd-v3.3.13-linux-amd64.tar.gz
[root@k8s-master01 work]# tar -xvf etcd-v3.3.13-linux-amd64.tar.gz
   
分发二进制文件到etcd集群所有节点：
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-master01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
[root@k8s-master01 work]# for node_etcd_ip in ${NODE_ETCD_IPS[@]}
  do
    echo ">>> ${node_etcd_ip}"
    scp etcd-v3.3.13-linux-amd64/etcd* root@${node_etcd_ip}:/opt/k8s/bin
    ssh root@${node_etcd_ip} "chmod +x /opt/k8s/bin/*"
  done
   
2) 创建etcd证书和私钥
创建证书签名请求：
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cat > etcd-csr.json <<EOF
{
  "CN": "etcd",
  "hosts": [
    "127.0.0.1",
    "172.16.60.241",
    "172.16.60.242",
    "172.16.60.243"
  ],
  "key": {
    "algo": "rsa",
    "size": 2048
  },
  "names": [
    {
      "C": "CN",
      "ST": "BeiJing",
      "L": "BeiJing",
      "O": "k8s",
      "OU": "4Paradigm"
    }
  ]
}
EOF
   
配置说明：
hosts 字段指定授权使用该证书的 etcd 节点 IP 或域名列表，需要将 etcd 集群的三个节点 IP 都列在其中；
   
生成证书和私钥
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cfssl gencert -ca=/opt/k8s/work/ca.pem \
    -ca-key=/opt/k8s/work/ca-key.pem \
    -config=/opt/k8s/work/ca-config.json \
    -profile=kubernetes etcd-csr.json | cfssljson -bare etcd
   
[root@k8s-master01 work]# ls etcd*pem
etcd-key.pem  etcd.pem
   
分发生成的证书和私钥到各etcd节点
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-master01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
[root@k8s-master01 work]# for node_etcd_ip in ${NODE_ETCD_IPS[@]}
  do
    echo ">>> ${node_etcd_ip}"
    ssh root@${node_etcd_ip} "mkdir -p /etc/etcd/cert"
    scp etcd*.pem root@${node_etcd_ip}:/etc/etcd/cert/
  done
   
3) 创建etcd的systemd unit模板文件
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-master01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cat > etcd.service.template <<EOF
[Unit]
Description=Etcd Server
After=network.target
After=network-online.target
Wants=network-online.target
Documentation=https://github.com/coreos
   
[Service]
Type=notify
WorkingDirectory=${ETCD_DATA_DIR}
ExecStart=/opt/k8s/bin/etcd \\
  --data-dir=${ETCD_DATA_DIR} \\
  --wal-dir=${ETCD_WAL_DIR} \\
  --name=##NODE_ETCD_NAME## \\
  --cert-file=/etc/etcd/cert/etcd.pem \\
  --key-file=/etc/etcd/cert/etcd-key.pem \\
  --trusted-ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem \\
  --peer-cert-file=/etc/etcd/cert/etcd.pem \\
  --peer-key-file=/etc/etcd/cert/etcd-key.pem \\
  --peer-trusted-ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem \\
  --peer-client-cert-auth \\
  --client-cert-auth \\
  --listen-peer-urls=https://##NODE_ETCD_IP##:2380 \\
  --initial-advertise-peer-urls=https://##NODE_ETCD_IP##:2380 \\
  --listen-client-urls=https://##NODE_ETCD_IP##:2379,http://127.0.0.1:2379 \\
  --advertise-client-urls=https://##NODE_ETCD_IP##:2379 \\
  --initial-cluster-token=etcd-cluster-0 \\
  --initial-cluster=${ETCD_NODES} \\
  --initial-cluster-state=new \\
  --auto-compaction-mode=periodic \\
  --auto-compaction-retention=1 \\
  --max-request-bytes=33554432 \\
  --quota-backend-bytes=6442450944 \\
  --heartbeat-interval=250 \\
  --election-timeout=2000
Restart=on-failure
RestartSec=5
LimitNOFILE=65536
   
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF
   
配置说明：
WorkingDirectory、--data-dir：指定工作目录和数据目录为 ${ETCD_DATA_DIR}，需在启动服务前创建这个目录；
--wal-dir：指定 wal 目录，为了提高性能，一般使用 SSD 或者和 --data-dir 不同的磁盘；
--name：指定节点名称，当 --initial-cluster-state 值为 new 时，--name 的参数值必须位于 --initial-cluster 列表中；
--cert-file、--key-file：etcd server 与 client 通信时使用的证书和私钥；
--trusted-ca-file：签名 client 证书的 CA 证书，用于验证 client 证书；
--peer-cert-file、--peer-key-file：etcd 与 peer 通信使用的证书和私钥；
--peer-trusted-ca-file：签名 peer 证书的 CA 证书，用于验证 peer 证书；
   
4）为各etcd节点创建和分发 etcd systemd unit 文件
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-master01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
[root@k8s-master01 work]# for (( i=0; i < 3; i++ ))
  do
    sed -e "s/##NODE_ETCD_NAME##/${NODE_ETCD_NAMES[i]}/" -e "s/##NODE_ETCD_IP##/${NODE_ETCD_IPS[i]}/" etcd.service.template > etcd-${NODE_ETCD_IPS[i]}.service
  done
   
[root@k8s-master01 work]# ls *.service                
etcd-172.16.60.241.service  etcd-172.16.60.242.service  etcd-172.16.60.243.service
   
最好手动查看其中一个etcd节点的启动文件里的--name名称和ip是否都已修改过来了
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cat etcd-172.16.60.241.service
.......
--name=k8s-etcd01 \
.......
  --listen-peer-urls=https://172.16.60.241:2380 \
  --initial-advertise-peer-urls=https://172.16.60.241:2380 \
  --listen-client-urls=https://172.16.60.241:2379,http://127.0.0.1:2379 \
  --advertise-client-urls=https://172.16.60.241:2379 \
  --initial-cluster-token=etcd-cluster-0 \
  --initial-cluster=k8s-etcd01=https://172.16.60.241:2380,k8s-etcd02=https://172.16.60.242:2380,k8s-etcd03=https://172.16.60.243:2380 \
.......
   
配置说明：
NODE_ETCD_NAMES 和 NODE_ETCD_IPS 为相同长度的bash数组，分别为etcd集群节点名称和对应的IP；
   
分发生成的 systemd unit 文件：
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-master01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
[root@k8s-master01 work]# for node_etcd_ip in ${NODE_ETCD_IPS[@]}
  do
    echo ">>> ${node_etcd_ip}"
    scp etcd-${node_etcd_ip}.service root@${node_etcd_ip}:/etc/systemd/system/etcd.service
  done
   
配置说明： 文件重命名为 etcd.service;
   
5）启动 etcd 服务
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-master01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
[root@k8s-master01 work]# for node_etcd_ip in ${NODE_ETCD_IPS[@]}
  do
    echo ">>> ${node_etcd_ip}"
    ssh root@${node_etcd_ip} "mkdir -p ${ETCD_DATA_DIR} ${ETCD_WAL_DIR}"
    ssh root@${node_etcd_ip} "systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl enable etcd && systemctl restart etcd " &
  done
   
配置说明：
必须先创建 etcd 数据目录和工作目录;
etcd 进程首次启动时会等待其它节点的 etcd 加入集群，命令 systemctl start etcd 会卡住一段时间，为正常现象；
   
6）检查etcd服务启动结果
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-master01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
[root@k8s-master01 work]# for node_etcd_ip in ${NODE_ETCD_IPS[@]}
  do
    echo ">>> ${node_etcd_ip}"
    ssh root@${node_etcd_ip} "systemctl status etcd|grep Active"
  done
   
预期输出结果为：
>>> 172.16.60.241
   Active: active (running) since Tue 2019-06-04 19:55:32 CST; 7min ago
>>> 172.16.60.242
   Active: active (running) since Tue 2019-06-04 19:55:32 CST; 7min ago
>>> 172.16.60.243
   Active: active (running) since Tue 2019-06-04 19:55:32 CST; 7min ago
   
确保状态均为为active (running)，否则查看日志，确认原因 (可以执行"journalctl -u etcd"命令查看启动失败原因）
   
6）验证服务状态
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-master01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
[root@k8s-master01 work]# for node_etcd_ip in ${NODE_ETCD_IPS[@]}
  do
    echo ">>> ${node_etcd_ip}"
    ssh root@${node_etcd_ip} "
    ETCDCTL_API=3 /opt/k8s/bin/etcdctl \
    --endpoints=https://${node_etcd_ip}:2379 \
    --cacert=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem \
    --cert=/etc/etcd/cert/etcd.pem \
    --key=/etc/etcd/cert/etcd-key.pem endpoint health "
  done
   
预期输出结果为：
https://172.16.60.241:2379 is healthy: successfully committed proposal: took = 2.44394ms
>>> 172.16.60.242
https://172.16.60.242:2379 is healthy: successfully committed proposal: took = 7.044349ms
>>> 172.16.60.243
https://172.16.60.243:2379 is healthy: successfully committed proposal: took = 1.865713ms
   
输出均为 healthy 时表示集群服务正常。
   
7）查看当前etcd集群中的leader
在三台etcd节点中的任意一个节点机器上执行下面命令：
[root@k8s-etcd03 ~]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
[root@k8s-etcd03 ~]# ETCDCTL_API=3 /opt/k8s/bin/etcdctl \
  -w table --cacert=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem \
  --cert=/etc/etcd/cert/etcd.pem \
  --key=/etc/etcd/cert/etcd-key.pem \
  --endpoints=${ETCD_ENDPOINTS} endpoint status
   
预期输出结果为：
+----------------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+-----------+------------+
|          ENDPOINT          |        ID        | VERSION | DB SIZE | IS LEADER | RAFT TERM | RAFT INDEX |
+----------------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+-----------+------------+
| https://172.16.60.241:2379 | 577381f5de0f4495 |  3.3.13 |   16 kB |     false |         2 |          8 |
| https://172.16.60.242:2379 | bf4ce221cdf39fb0 |  3.3.13 |   16 kB |     false |         2 |          8 |
| https://172.16.60.243:2379 |  3bc2e49bc639590 |  3.3.13 |   16 kB |      true |         2 |          8 |
+----------------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+-----------+------------+
   
由上面结果可见，当前的leader节点为172.16.60.243

1) 下载和分发 flanneld 二进制文件
从flannel的release页面(https://github.com/coreos/flannel/releases)下载最新版本的安装包：
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-master01 work]# mkdir flannel
[root@k8s-master01 work]# wget https://github.com/coreos/flannel/releases/download/v0.11.0/flannel-v0.11.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz
[root@k8s-master01 work]# tar -zvxf flannel-v0.11.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz -C flannel

分发二进制文件到集群所有节点：
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-master01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
[root@k8s-master01 work]# for node_all_ip in ${NODE_ALL_IPS[@]}
  do
    echo ">>> ${node_all_ip}"
    scp flannel/{flanneld,mk-docker-opts.sh} root@${node_all_ip}:/opt/k8s/bin/
    ssh root@${node_all_ip} "chmod +x /opt/k8s/bin/*"
  done

2) 创建 flannel 证书和私钥
flanneld 从 etcd 集群存取网段分配信息，而 etcd 集群启用了双向 x509 证书认证，所以需要为 flanneld 生成证书和私钥。
创建证书签名请求：
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cat > flanneld-csr.json <<EOF
{
  "CN": "flanneld",
  "hosts": [],
  "key": {
    "algo": "rsa",
    "size": 2048
  },
  "names": [
    {
      "C": "CN",
      "ST": "BeiJing",
      "L": "BeiJing",
      "O": "k8s",
      "OU": "4Paradigm"
    }
  ]
}
EOF

该证书只会被 kubectl 当做 client 证书使用，所以 hosts 字段为空；

生成证书和私钥：
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cfssl gencert -ca=/opt/k8s/work/ca.pem \
  -ca-key=/opt/k8s/work/ca-key.pem \
  -config=/opt/k8s/work/ca-config.json \
  -profile=kubernetes flanneld-csr.json | cfssljson -bare flanneld

将生成的证书和私钥分发到所有节点（master 和 node）：
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-master01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
[root@k8s-master01 work]# for node_all_ip in ${NODE_ALL_IPS[@]}
  do
    echo ">>> ${node_all_ip}"
    ssh root@${node_all_ip} "mkdir -p /etc/flanneld/cert"
    scp flanneld*.pem root@${node_all_ip}:/etc/flanneld/cert
  done

3）向 etcd 写入集群 Pod 网段信息 （注意：本步骤只需执行一次）
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-master01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
[root@k8s-master01 work]# etcdctl \
  --endpoints=${ETCD_ENDPOINTS} \
  --ca-file=/opt/k8s/work/ca.pem \
  --cert-file=/opt/k8s/work/flanneld.pem \
  --key-file=/opt/k8s/work/flanneld-key.pem \
  mk ${FLANNEL_ETCD_PREFIX}/config '{"Network":"'${CLUSTER_CIDR}'", "SubnetLen": 21, "Backend": {"Type": "vxlan"}}'

解决说明：
flanneld 当前版本 (v0.11.0) 不支持 etcd v3，故使用 etcd v2 API 写入配置 key 和网段数据；
写入的 Pod 网段 ${CLUSTER_CIDR} 地址段（如 /16）必须小于 SubnetLen，必须与 kube-controller-manager 的 --cluster-cidr 参数值一致；

4）创建 flanneld 的 systemd unit 文件
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-master01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cat > flanneld.service << EOF
[Unit]
Description=Flanneld overlay address etcd agent
After=network.target
After=network-online.target
Wants=network-online.target
After=etcd.service
Before=docker.service

[Service]
Type=notify
ExecStart=/opt/k8s/bin/flanneld \\
  -etcd-cafile=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem \\
  -etcd-certfile=/etc/flanneld/cert/flanneld.pem \\
  -etcd-keyfile=/etc/flanneld/cert/flanneld-key.pem \\
  -etcd-endpoints=${ETCD_ENDPOINTS} \\
  -etcd-prefix=${FLANNEL_ETCD_PREFIX} \\
  -iface=${IFACE} \\
  -ip-masq
ExecStartPost=/opt/k8s/bin/mk-docker-opts.sh -k DOCKER_NETWORK_OPTIONS -d /run/flannel/docker
Restart=always
RestartSec=5
StartLimitInterval=0

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
RequiredBy=docker.service
EOF

解决说明：
mk-docker-opts.sh 脚本将分配给 flanneld 的 Pod 子网段信息写入 /run/flannel/docker 文件，后续 docker 启动时使用这个文件中的环境变量配置 docker0 网桥；
flanneld 使用系统缺省路由所在的接口与其它节点通信，对于有多个网络接口（如内网和公网）的节点，可以用 -iface 参数指定通信接口;
flanneld 运行时需要 root 权限；
-ip-masq: flanneld 为访问 Pod 网络外的流量设置 SNAT 规则，同时将传递给 Docker 的变量 --ip-masq（/run/flannel/docker 文件中）设置为 false，这样 Docker 将不再创建 SNAT 规则； Docker 的 --ip-masq 为 true 时，创建的 SNAT 规则比较“暴力”：将所有本节点 Pod 发起的、访问非 docker0 接口的请求做 SNAT，这样访问其他节点 Pod 的请求来源 IP 会被设置为 flannel.1 接口的 IP，导致目的 Pod 看不到真实的来源 Pod IP。 flanneld 创建的 SNAT 规则比较温和，只对访问非 Pod 网段的请求做 SNAT。

5）分发 flanneld systemd unit 文件到所有节点
[root@k8s-master01 work]# cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-master01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
[root@k8s-master01 work]# for node_all_ip in ${NODE_ALL_IPS[@]}
  do
    echo ">>> ${node_all_ip}"
    scp flanneld.service root@${node_all_ip}:/etc/systemd/system/
  done

6）启动 flanneld 服务
[root@k8s-master01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
[root@k8s-master01 work]# for node_all_ip in ${NODE_ALL_IPS[@]}
  do
    echo ">>> ${node_all_ip}"
    ssh root@${node_all_ip} "systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl enable flanneld && systemctl restart flanneld"
  done

6）检查启动结果
[root@k8s-master01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
[root@k8s-master01 work]# for node_all_ip in ${NODE_ALL_IPS[@]}
  do
    echo ">>> ${node_all_ip}"
    ssh root@${node_all_ip} "systemctl status flanneld|grep Active"
  done

确保状态为 active (running)，否则查看日志，确认原因"journalctl -u flanneld"

7) 检查分配给各 flanneld 的 Pod 网段信息
查看集群 Pod 网段(/16)：
[root@k8s-master01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
[root@k8s-master01 work]# etcdctl \
  --endpoints=${ETCD_ENDPOINTS} \
  --ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem \
  --cert-file=/etc/flanneld/cert/flanneld.pem \
  --key-file=/etc/flanneld/cert/flanneld-key.pem \
  get ${FLANNEL_ETCD_PREFIX}/config

预期输出： {"Network":"172.30.0.0/16", "SubnetLen": 21, "Backend": {"Type": "vxlan"}}

查看已分配的 Pod 子网段列表(/24):
[root@k8s-master01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
[root@k8s-master01 work]# etcdctl \
  --endpoints=${ETCD_ENDPOINTS} \
  --ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem \
  --cert-file=/etc/flanneld/cert/flanneld.pem \
  --key-file=/etc/flanneld/cert/flanneld-key.pem \
  ls ${FLANNEL_ETCD_PREFIX}/subnets

预期输出：
/kubernetes/network/subnets/172.30.40.0-21
/kubernetes/network/subnets/172.30.88.0-21
/kubernetes/network/subnets/172.30.56.0-21
/kubernetes/network/subnets/172.30.72.0-21
/kubernetes/network/subnets/172.30.232.0-21
/kubernetes/network/subnets/172.30.152.0-21

查看某一 Pod 网段对应的节点 IP 和 flannel 接口地址:
[root@k8s-master01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
[root@k8s-master01 work]# etcdctl \
  --endpoints=${ETCD_ENDPOINTS} \
  --ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/cert/ca.pem \
  --cert-file=/etc/flanneld/cert/flanneld.pem \
  --key-file=/etc/flanneld/cert/flanneld-key.pem \
  get ${FLANNEL_ETCD_PREFIX}/subnets/172.30.40.0-21

预期输出：{"PublicIP":"172.16.60.243","BackendType":"vxlan","BackendData":{"VtepMAC":"f2:de:47:06:4b:d3"}}

解决说明：
172.30.40.0/21 被分配给节点k8s-master03（172.16.60.243）；
VtepMAC 为k8s-master03节点的 flannel.1 网卡 MAC 地址；

8）检查节点 flannel 网络信息 （比如k8s-master01节点）
[root@k8s-master01 work]# ip addr show
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens192: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:50:56:ac:7c:81 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 172.16.60.241/24 brd 172.16.60.255 scope global ens192
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: flannel.1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1450 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
    link/ether 7a:2a:36:99:75:5f brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 172.30.232.0/32 scope global flannel.1
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

注意： flannel.1 网卡的地址为分配的 Pod 子网段的第一个 IP（.0），且是 /32 的地址；

[root@k8s-master01 work]# ip route show |grep flannel.1
172.30.40.0/21 via 172.30.40.0 dev flannel.1 onlink
172.30.56.0/21 via 172.30.56.0 dev flannel.1 onlink
172.30.72.0/21 via 172.30.72.0 dev flannel.1 onlink
172.30.88.0/21 via 172.30.88.0 dev flannel.1 onlink
172.30.152.0/21 via 172.30.152.0 dev flannel.1 onlink

到其它节点 Pod 网段请求都被转发到 flannel.1 网卡；
flanneld 根据 etcd 中子网段的信息，如 ${FLANNEL_ETCD_PREFIX}/subnets/172.30.232.0-21 ，来决定进请求发送给哪个节点的互联 IP；

9）验证各节点能通过 Pod 网段互通
在各节点上部署 flannel 后，检查是否创建了 flannel 接口(名称可能为 flannel0、flannel.0、flannel.1 等)：
[root@k8s-master01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
[root@k8s-master01 work]# for node_all_ip in ${NODE_ALL_IPS[@]}
  do
    echo ">>> ${node_all_ip}"
    ssh ${node_all_ip} "/usr/sbin/ip addr show flannel.1|grep -w inet"
  done

预期输出：
>>> 172.16.60.241
    inet 172.30.232.0/32 scope global flannel.1
>>> 172.16.60.242
    inet 172.30.152.0/32 scope global flannel.1
>>> 172.16.60.243
    inet 172.30.40.0/32 scope global flannel.1
>>> 172.16.60.244
    inet 172.30.88.0/32 scope global flannel.1
>>> 172.16.60.245
    inet 172.30.56.0/32 scope global flannel.1
>>> 172.16.60.246
    inet 172.30.72.0/32 scope global flannel.1

在各节点上 ping 所有 flannel 接口 IP，确保能通：
[root@k8s-master01 work]# source /opt/k8s/bin/environment.sh
[root@k8s-master01 work]# for node_all_ip in ${NODE_ALL_IPS[@]}
  do
    echo ">>> ${node_all_ip}"
    ssh ${node_all_ip} "ping -c 1 172.30.232.0"
    ssh ${node_all_ip} "ping -c 1 172.30.152.0"
    ssh ${node_all_ip} "ping -c 1 172.30.40.0"
    ssh ${node_all_ip} "ping -c 1 172.30.88.0"
    ssh ${node_all_ip} "ping -c 1 172.30.56.0"
    ssh ${node_all_ip} "ping -c 1 172.30.72.0"
  done

一、安装和配置nginx，下面操作在172.16.60.247、172.16.60.247两个节点机器上操作

1）下载和编译 nginx
[root@k8s-ha01 ~]# yum -y install gcc pcre-devel zlib-devel openssl-devel wget lsof
[root@k8s-ha01 ~]# cd /opt/k8s/work
[root@k8s-ha01 work]# wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.15.3.tar.gz
[root@k8s-ha01 work]# tar -xzvf nginx-1.15.3.tar.gz
[root@k8s-ha01 work]# cd nginx-1.15.3
[root@k8s-ha01 nginx-1.15.3]# mkdir nginx-prefix
[root@k8s-ha01 nginx-1.15.3]# ./configure --with-stream --without-http --prefix=$(pwd)/nginx-prefix --without-http_uwsgi_module --without-http_scgi_module --without-http_fastcgi_module

解决说明：
--with-stream：开启 4 层透明转发(TCP Proxy)功能；
--without-xxx：关闭所有其他功能，这样生成的动态链接二进制程序依赖最小；

预期输出：
Configuration summary
  + PCRE library is not used
  + OpenSSL library is not used
  + zlib library is not used

  nginx path prefix: "/root/tmp/nginx-1.15.3/nginx-prefix"
  nginx binary file: "/root/tmp/nginx-1.15.3/nginx-prefix/sbin/nginx"
  nginx modules path: "/root/tmp/nginx-1.15.3/nginx-prefix/modules"
  nginx configuration prefix: "/root/tmp/nginx-1.15.3/nginx-prefix/conf"
  nginx configuration file: "/root/tmp/nginx-1.15.3/nginx-prefix/conf/nginx.conf"
  nginx pid file: "/root/tmp/nginx-1.15.3/nginx-prefix/logs/nginx.pid"
  nginx error log file: "/root/tmp/nginx-1.15.3/nginx-prefix/logs/error.log"
  nginx http access log file: "/root/tmp/nginx-1.15.3/nginx-prefix/logs/access.log"
  nginx http client request body temporary files: "client_body_temp"
  nginx http proxy temporary files: "proxy_temp"

继续编译和安装：
[root@k8s-ha01 nginx-1.15.3]# make && make install

2）验证编译的 nginx
[root@k8s-ha01 nginx-1.15.3]# ./nginx-prefix/sbin/nginx -v
nginx version: nginx/1.15.3

查看 nginx 动态链接的库：
[root@k8s-ha01 nginx-1.15.3]# ldd ./nginx-prefix/sbin/nginx
        linux-vdso.so.1 =>  (0x00007ffc7e0ef000)
        libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (0x00007f00b5c2d000)
        libpthread.so.0 => /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007f00b5a11000)
        libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f00b5644000)
        /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f00b5e31000)

由于只开启了 4 层透明转发功能，所以除了依赖 libc 等操作系统核心 lib 库外，没有对其它 lib 的依赖(如 libz、libssl 等)，这样可以方便部署到各版本操作系统中；

3）安装和部署 nginx
[root@k8s-ha01 ~]# cp /opt/k8s/work/nginx-1.15.3/nginx-prefix/sbin/nginx /opt/k8s/kube-nginx/sbin/kube-nginx
[root@k8s-ha01 ~]# chmod a+x /opt/k8s/kube-nginx/sbin/*
[root@k8s-ha01 ~]# mkdir -p /opt/k8s/kube-nginx/{conf,logs,sbin}

配置 nginx，开启 4 层透明转发功能：
[root@k8s-ha01 ~]# vim /opt/k8s/kube-nginx/conf/kube-nginx.conf
worker_processes 2;

events {
    worker_connections  65525;
}

stream {
    upstream backend {
        hash $remote_addr consistent;
        server 172.16.60.241:6443        max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
        server 172.16.60.242:6443        max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
        server 172.16.60.243:6443        max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
    }

    server {
        listen 8443;
        proxy_connect_timeout 1s;
        proxy_pass backend;
    }
}

[root@k8s-ha01 ~]# ulimit -n 65525
[root@k8s-ha01 ~]# vim /etc/security/limits.conf     # 文件底部添加下面四行内容
* soft nofile 65525
* hard nofile 65525
* soft nproc 65525
* hard nproc 65525

4) 配置 systemd unit 文件，启动服务
[root@k8s-ha01 ~]# vim /etc/systemd/system/kube-nginx.service
[Unit]
Description=kube-apiserver nginx proxy
After=network.target
After=network-online.target
Wants=network-online.target

[Service]
Type=forking
ExecStartPre=/opt/k8s/kube-nginx/sbin/kube-nginx -c /opt/k8s/kube-nginx/conf/kube-nginx.conf -p /opt/k8s/kube-nginx -t
ExecStart=/opt/k8s/kube-nginx/sbin/kube-nginx -c /opt/k8s/kube-nginx/conf/kube-nginx.conf -p /opt/k8s/kube-nginx
ExecReload=/opt/k8s/kube-nginx/sbin/kube-nginx -c /opt/k8s/kube-nginx/conf/kube-nginx.conf -p /opt/k8s/kube-nginx -s reload
PrivateTmp=true
Restart=always
RestartSec=5
StartLimitInterval=0
LimitNOFILE=65536

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

[root@k8s-ha01 ~]# systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl enable kube-nginx && systemctl restart kube-nginx
[root@k8s-ha01 ~]# lsof -i:8443
COMMAND     PID   USER   FD   TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME
kube-ngin 31980   root    5u  IPv4 145789      0t0  TCP localhost:pcsync-https (LISTEN)
kube-ngin 31981 nobody    5u  IPv4 145789      0t0  TCP localhost:pcsync-https (LISTEN)
kube-ngin 31982 nobody    5u  IPv4 145789      0t0  TCP localhost:pcsync-https (LISTEN)

测试下8443代理端口连通性
[root@k8s-ha01 ~]# telnet 172.16.60.250 8443
Trying 172.16.60.250...
Connected to 172.16.60.250.
Escape character is '^]'.
Connection closed by foreign host.

这是因为三个kube-apiserver服务还没有部署，即后端三个apiserver实例的6443端口还没有起来。

二、安装和配置keepalived
1）编译安装keepalived （两个节点上同样操作）
[root@k8s-ha01 ~]# cd /opt/k8s/work/
[root@k8s-ha01 work]# wget https://www.keepalived.org/software/keepalived-2.0.16.tar.gz
[root@k8s-ha01 work]# tar -zvxf keepalived-2.0.16.tar.gz
[root@k8s-ha01 work]# cd keepalived-2.0.16
[root@k8s-ha01 keepalived-2.0.16]# ./configure
[root@k8s-ha01 keepalived-2.0.16]# make && make install

[root@k8s-ha01 keepalived-2.0.16]# cp keepalived/etc/init.d/keepalived /etc/rc.d/init.d/
[root@k8s-ha01 keepalived-2.0.16]# cp /usr/local/etc/sysconfig/keepalived /etc/sysconfig/
[root@k8s-ha01 keepalived-2.0.16]# mkdir /etc/keepalived
[root@k8s-ha01 keepalived-2.0.16]# cp /usr/local/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf /etc/keepalived/
[root@k8s-ha01 keepalived-2.0.16]# cp /usr/local/sbin/keepalived /usr/sbin/
[root@k8s-ha01 keepalived-2.0.16]# echo "/etc/init.d/keepalived start" >> /etc/rc.local

2) 配置keepalived
172.16.60.207节点上的keepalived配置内容
[root@k8s-ha01 ~]# cp /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf.bak
[root@k8s-ha01 ~]# >/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
[root@k8s-ha01 ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
! Configuration File for keepalived    
   
global_defs {
notification_email {    
ops@wangshibo.cn 
tech@wangshibo.cn
}
   
notification_email_from ops@wangshibo.cn 
smtp_server 127.0.0.1     
smtp_connect_timeout 30   
router_id master-node    
}
   
vrrp_script chk_http_port {     
    script "/opt/chk_nginx.sh" 
    interval 2                  
    weight -5                  
    fall 2              
    rise 1                 
}
   
vrrp_instance VI_1 {   
    state MASTER   
    interface ens192     
    mcast_src_ip 172.16.60.247
    virtual_router_id 51        
    priority 101               
    advert_int 1                
    authentication {           
        auth_type PASS         
        auth_pass 1111         
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {       
        172.16.60.250
    }
  
track_script {                     
   chk_http_port                   
}
}

另一个节点172.16.60.248上的keepalived配置内容为：
[root@k8s-ha02 ~]# cp /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf.bak
[root@k8s-ha02 ~]# >/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
[root@k8s-ha02 ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
! Configuration File for keepalived    
   
global_defs {
notification_email {    
ops@wangshibo.cn 
tech@wangshibo.cn
}
   
notification_email_from ops@wangshibo.cn 
smtp_server 127.0.0.1     
smtp_connect_timeout 30   
router_id slave-node    
}
   
vrrp_script chk_http_port {     
    script "/opt/chk_nginx.sh" 
    interval 2                  
    weight -5                  
    fall 2              
    rise 1                 
}
   
vrrp_instance VI_1 {   
    state MASTER   
    interface ens192     
    mcast_src_ip 172.16.60.248
    virtual_router_id 51        
    priority 99              
    advert_int 1                
    authentication {           
        auth_type PASS         
        auth_pass 1111         
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {       
        172.16.60.250
    }
  
track_script {                     
   chk_http_port                   
}
}

2) 配置两个节点的nginx监控脚本（该脚本会在keepalived.conf配置中被引用）
[root@k8s-ha01 ~]# vim /opt/chk_nginx.sh
#!/bin/bash
counter=$(ps -ef|grep -w kube-nginx|grep -v grep|wc -l)
if [ "${counter}" = "0" ]; then
    systemctl start kube-nginx
    sleep 2
    counter=$(ps -ef|grep kube-nginx|grep -v grep|wc -l)
    if [ "${counter}" = "0" ]; then
        /etc/init.d/keepalived stop
    fi
fi

[root@k8s-ha01 ~]# chmod 755 /opt/chk_nginx.sh

3) 启动两个节点的keepalived服务
[root@k8s-ha01 ~]# /etc/init.d/keepalived start
Starting keepalived (via systemctl):                       [  OK  ]

[root@k8s-ha01 ~]# ps -ef|grep keepalived
root      5358     1  0 00:32 ?        00:00:00 /usr/local/sbin/keepalived -D
root      5359  5358  0 00:32 ?        00:00:00 /usr/local/sbin/keepalived -D
root      5391 29606  0 00:32 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto keepalived

查看vip情况. 发现vip默认起初会在master节点上
[root@k8s-ha01 ~]# ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens192: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:50:56:ac:3a:a6 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 172.16.60.247/24 brd 172.16.60.255 scope global ens192
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet 172.16.60.250/32 scope global ens192
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::250:56ff:feac:3aa6/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

4) 测试vip故障转移
参考：https://www.cnblogs.com/kevingrace/p/6138185.html

当master节点的keepalived服务挂掉，vip会自动漂移到slave节点上
当master节点的keepliaved服务恢复后，从将vip资源从slave节点重新抢占回来（keepalived配置文件中的priority优先级决定的）
当两个节点的nginx挂掉后，keepaived会引用nginx监控脚本自启动nginx服务，如启动失败，则强杀keepalived服务，从而实现vip转移。