Python 中类的构造方法 __New__
somenzz 人气:01、概述
python
的类中,所有以双下划线__包起来的方法,叫魔术方法,魔术方法在类或对象的某些事件发出后可以自动执行,让类具有神奇的魔力,比如常见的构造方法__new__
、初始化方法__init__
、析构方法__del__
,今天来聊一聊__new__
的妙用,主要分享以下几点:
- __new__ 和 __init__ 的区别
- 应用1:改变内置的不可变类型
- 应用2:实现一个单例
- 应用3:客户端缓存
- 应用4:不同文件不同的解密方法
- 应用5:Metaclasses
2、__new__ 和 __init__ 的区别
- 调用时机不同:
new
是真正创建实例的方法,init
用于实例的初始化,new
先于init
运行。 - 返回值不同,
new
返回一个类的实例,而init
不返回任何信息。 new
是class
的方法,而init
是对象的方法。
示例代码:
class A: def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): print("new", cls, args, kwargs) return super().__new__(cls) def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): print("init", self, args, kwargs) def how_object_construction_works(): x = A(1, 2, 3, x=4) print(x) print("===================") x = A.__new__(A, 1, 2, 3, x=4) if isinstance(x, A): type(x).__init__(x, 1, 2, 3, x=4) print(x) if __name__ == "__main__": how_object_construction_works()
上述代码定义了一个类 A,在调用 A(1, 2, 3, x=4) 时先执行 new,再执行 init,等价于:
x = A.__new__(A, 1, 2, 3, x=4) if isinstance(x, A): type(x).__init__(x, 1, 2, 3, x=4)
代码的运行结果如下:
new <class '__main__.A'> (1, 2, 3) {'x': 4} init <__main__.A object at 0x7fccaec97610> (1, 2, 3) {'x': 4} <__main__.A object at 0x7fccaec97610> =================== new <class '__main__.A'> (1, 2, 3) {'x': 4} init <__main__.A object at 0x7fccaec97310> (1, 2, 3) {'x': 4} <__main__.A object at 0x7fccaec97310>
new
的主要作用就是让程序员可以自定义类的创建行为,以下是其主要应用场景:
3、应用1:改变内置的不可变类型
我们知道,元组是不可变类型,但是我们继承 tuple
,然后可以在 new
中,对其元组的元素进行修改,因为 new
返回之前,元组还不是元组,这在 init 函数中是无法实现的。比如说,实现一个大写的元组,代码如下:
class UppercaseTuple(tuple): def __new__(cls, iterable): upper_iterable = (s.upper() for s in iterable) return super().__new__(cls, upper_iterable) # 以下代码会报错,初始化时是无法修改的 # def __init__(self, iterable): # print(f'init {iterable}') # for i, arg in enumerate(iterable): # self[i] = arg.upper() if __name__ == '__main__': print("UPPERCASE TUPLE EXAMPLE") print(UppercaseTuple(["hello", "world"])) # UPPERCASE TUPLE EXAMPLE # ('HELLO', 'WORLD')
4、应用2:实现一个单例
class Singleton: _instance = None def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): if cls._instance is None: cls._instance = super().__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs) return cls._instance if __name__ == "__main__": print("SINGLETON EXAMPLE") x = Singleton() y = Singleton() print(f"{x is y=}") # SINGLETON EXAMPLE # x is y=True
5、应用3:客户端缓存
当客户端的创建成本比较高时,比如读取文件或者数据库,可以采用以下方法,同一个客户端属于同一个实例,节省创建对象的成本,这本质就是多例模式。
class Client: _loaded = {} _db_file = "file.db" def __new__(cls, client_id): if (client := cls._loaded.get(client_id)) is not None: print(f"returning existing client {client_id} from cache") return client client = super().__new__(cls) cls._loaded[client_id] = client client._init_from_file(client_id, cls._db_file) return client def _init_from_file(self, client_id, file): # lookup client in file and read properties print(f"reading client {client_id} data from file, db, etc.") name = ... email = ... self.name = name self.email = email self.id = client_id if __name__ == '__main__': print("CLIENT CACHE EXAMPLE") x = Client(0) y = Client(0) print(f"{x is y=}") z = Client(1) # CLIENT CACHE EXAMPLE # reading client 0 data from file, db, etc. # returning existing client 0 from cache # x is y=True # reading client 1 data from file, db, etc.
6、应用4:不同文件不同的解密方法
先在脚本所在目录创建三个文件:plaintext_hello.txt、rot13_hello.txt、otp_hello.txt,
程序会根据不同的文件选择不同的解密算法
import codecs import itertools class EncryptedFile: _registry = {} # 'rot13' -> ROT13Text def __init_subclass__(cls, prefix, **kwargs): super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs) cls._registry[prefix] = cls def __new__(cls, path: str, key=None): prefix, sep, suffix = path.partition(":///") if sep: file = suffix else: file = prefix prefix = "file" subclass = cls._registry[prefix] obj = object.__new__(subclass) obj.file = file obj.key = key return obj def read(self) -> str: raise NotImplementedError class Plaintext(EncryptedFile, prefix="file"): def read(self): with open(self.file, "r") as f: return f.read() class ROT13Text(EncryptedFile, prefix="rot13"): def read(self): with open(self.file, "r") as f: text = f.read() return codecs.decode(text, "rot_13") class OneTimePadXorText(EncryptedFile, prefix="otp"): def __init__(self, path, key): if isinstance(self.key, str): self.key = self.key.encode() def xor_bytes_with_key(self, b: bytes) -> bytes: return bytes(b1 ^ b2 for b1, b2 in zip(b, itertools.cycle(self.key))) def read(self): with open(self.file, "rb") as f: btext = f.read() text = self.xor_bytes_with_key(btext).decode() return text if __name__ == "__main__": print("ENCRYPTED FILE EXAMPLE") print(EncryptedFile("plaintext_hello.txt").read()) print(EncryptedFile("rot13:///rot13_hello.txt").read()) print(EncryptedFile("otp:///otp_hello.txt", key="1234").read()) # ENCRYPTED FILE EXAMPLE # plaintext_hello.txt # ebg13_uryyb.gkg # ^FCkYW_X^GLE
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