Android入门之Fragment的使用教程
TGITCIC 人气:0简介
我们的Android入门一步步已经进入中级。我们讲完了所有的基本组件的基本使用、Activity、Service、BroadCast。今天我们来到了Fragment篇章。Fragment和Activity比到底是一个什么样的存在呢?我们以一个很小的例子来说通Fragment。
Fragment是什么
- Fragment可以套在activity里;
- 一个Fragment可以属于多个activity;
- Fragment可以适配(屏幕尺寸);
- Fragment有自己的生命周期;
因此Fragment可以复用。Fragment的生命 周期如下:
课程目标
我们通过以下这么一个小例子来了解一个Fragment的基本使用
1.我们有一个全真模拟登录后的APP主界面,分为topbar,中间有4个fragment,底部有tabbar;
2.底部的tabbar有4个按钮用textview+android:background来实现的;
3.每个底部按钮被点一次就显示一个fragment;
当中这块fragment可是一整块的,它是可以适匹屏幕的,因此可以在PAD上使用。
我们下面来看全代码
项目结构
全局静态常量
我们对res/values下这两个文件涉及到了修改,增加了一些全局静态常量。这是一个编程上的好习惯比如说以后我们要碰上国际化,肯定不能在代码里写死一些“字符串”吧?
colors.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <resources> <color name="purple_200">#FFBB86FC</color> <color name="purple_500">#FF6200EE</color> <color name="purple_700">#FF3700B3</color> <color name="teal_200">#FF03DAC5</color> <color name="teal_700">#FF018786</color> <color name="black">#FF000000</color> <color name="white">#FFFFFFFF</color> <color name="bg_black">#000000</color> <color name="bg_white">#FFFFFF</color> <color name="bg_topbar">#FCFCFC</color> <color name="bg_gray">#00F1F1F1</color> <color name="transparent">#00FFFFFF</color> <color name="text_gray">#8D7A71</color> <color name="text_white">#FFFFFF</color> <color name="text_yellow">#FFC800</color> <color name="text_topbar">#694E42</color> <color name="div_white">#E5E5E5</color> </resources>
这边我们是从name="white"后开始增加的自定义的属性。
strings.xml
<resources> <string name="app_name">DemoFragmentWithTabBar</string> <string name="tab_menu_alert">提醒</string> <string name="tab_menu_profile">信息</string> <string name="tab_menu_pay">我的</string> <string name="tab_menu_setting">设置</string> </resources>
项目中用到的图片
这些图片主要是这么用的,我来解释一下:
1.我们底部有4个按钮;
2.每个按钮我们定义它没有按下去、按下去后的两个状态,因此有4个xml,每个xml中含各两个按钮状态定义的selector;
因此一共8个图片。
用于定义4个按钮按下去和没有按下去时状态的Selector XML
因为我们有4个按钮,每个按钮我们定义它没有按下去、按下去后的两个状态,因此有4个xml,每个xml中含各两个按钮状态定义的selector,这就有4个xml,每个xml内容差不多;
同时每个按钮上有文字,而文字也分按下去和没有按下去时。对于文字的状态显示我们可以共用一个selector xml;
我们用textview中的drawTop属性控制中在textview的text的上方汇制一个透明区域,然后把图片位于text上方来制作出下方4个按钮的tabbar效果,因此这一个透明区域的样式是一样的,因此可以4个按钮共用一个用用汇制透明区域的selector xml;
所以总计有6个xml,我们来一个个看。
用来定义下部4个“按钮”每个文字上方透明放置图片区域的tab_menu_bg.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <selector xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"> <item android:state_selected="true"> <shape> <solid android:color="#FFC4C4C4" /> </shape> </item> <item> <shape> <solid android:color="@color/transparent" /> </shape> </item> </selector>
用来定义下部4个“按钮”每个文字按下去和没有按下去时的效果的tab_menu_text.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <selector xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"> <item android:color="@color/text_yellow" android:state_selected="true" /> <item android:color="@color/text_gray" /> </selector>
提醒-tab_menu_notification.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <selector xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"> <item android:drawable="@mipmap/tab_channel_pressed" android:state_selected="true" /> <item android:drawable="@mipmap/tab_channel_normal" /> </selector>
信息-tab_menu_message.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <selector xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"> <item android:drawable="@mipmap/tab_message_pressed" android:state_selected="true" /> <item android:drawable="@mipmap/tab_message_normal" /> </selector>
我的-tab_menu_better.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <selector xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"> <item android:drawable="@mipmap/tab_better_pressed" android:state_selected="true" /> <item android:drawable="@mipmap/tab_better_normal" /> </selector>
设置-tab_menu_settings.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <selector xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"> <item android:drawable="@mipmap/tab_my_pressed" android:state_selected="true" /> <item android:drawable="@mipmap/tab_my_normal" /> </selector>
下面我们来看我们的Fragment
Fragment
fg_content.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="match_parent" android:background="@color/bg_white"> <TextView android:id="@+id/txt_content" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="match_parent" android:gravity="center" android:text="" android:textColor="@color/text_yellow" android:textSize="20sp"/> </LinearLayout>
SimpleFragment.java
package org.mk.android.demobar; import android.app.Fragment; import android.os.Bundle; import android.view.LayoutInflater; import android.view.View; import android.view.ViewGroup; import android.widget.TextView; public class SimpleFragment extends Fragment { private String content; @Override public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) { View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fg_content, container, false); TextView txt_content = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.txt_content); Bundle bundle = getArguments(); String content = bundle.getString("content"); txt_content.setText(content); return view; } }
activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="match_parent" tools:context=".MainActivity"> <RelativeLayout android:id="@+id/ly_top_bar" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="48dp" android:background="@color/bg_topbar"> <TextView android:id="@+id/txt_topbar" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="match_parent" android:layout_centerInParent="true" android:gravity="center" android:textSize="18sp" android:textColor="@color/text_topbar" android:text="信息"/> <View android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="2px" android:background="@color/div_white" android:layout_alignParentBottom="true"/> </RelativeLayout> <LinearLayout android:id="@+id/ly_tab_bar" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="56dp" android:layout_alignParentBottom="true" android:background="@color/bg_white" android:orientation="horizontal"> <TextView android:id="@+id/txt_notification" android:layout_width="0dp" android:layout_height="match_parent" android:layout_weight="1" android:background="@drawable/tab_menu_bg" android:drawablePadding="3dp" android:drawableTop="@drawable/tab_menu_notification" android:gravity="center" android:padding="5dp" android:text="@string/tab_menu_alert" android:textColor="@drawable/tab_menu_text" android:textSize="16sp" /> <TextView android:id="@+id/txt_message" android:layout_width="0dp" android:layout_height="match_parent" android:layout_weight="1" android:background="@drawable/tab_menu_bg" android:drawablePadding="3dp" android:drawableTop="@drawable/tab_menu_message" android:gravity="center" android:padding="5dp" android:text="@string/tab_menu_profile" android:textColor="@drawable/tab_menu_text" android:textSize="16sp" /> <TextView android:id="@+id/txt_better" android:layout_width="0dp" android:layout_height="match_parent" android:layout_weight="1" android:background="@drawable/tab_menu_bg" android:drawablePadding="3dp" android:drawableTop="@drawable/tab_menu_better" android:gravity="center" android:padding="5dp" android:text="@string/tab_menu_pay" android:textColor="@drawable/tab_menu_text" android:textSize="16sp" /> <TextView android:id="@+id/txt_setting" android:layout_width="0dp" android:layout_height="match_parent" android:layout_weight="1" android:background="@drawable/tab_menu_bg" android:drawablePadding="3dp" android:drawableTop="@drawable/tab_menu_setting" android:gravity="center" android:padding="5dp" android:text="@string/tab_menu_setting" android:textColor="@drawable/tab_menu_text" android:textSize="16sp"/> </LinearLayout> <View android:id="@+id/div_tab_bar" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="2px" android:background="@color/div_white" android:layout_above="@id/ly_tab_bar"/> <FrameLayout android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="match_parent" android:layout_below="@id/ly_top_bar" android:layout_above="@id/div_tab_bar" android:id="@+id/ly_content"> </FrameLayout> </RelativeLayout>
MainActivity.java
package org.mk.android.demobar; import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity; import android.os.Bundle; import android.app.FragmentManager; import android.app.FragmentTransaction; import android.os.Bundle; import android.view.View; import android.view.Window; import android.widget.FrameLayout; import android.widget.TextView; public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity implements View.OnClickListener { //UI Object private TextView txt_topbar; private TextView txt_notification; private TextView txt_message; private TextView txt_better; private TextView txt_setting; private FrameLayout ly_content; //Fragment Object private SimpleFragment fg1, fg2, fg3, fg4; private FragmentManager fManager; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); fManager = getFragmentManager(); bindViews(); txt_notification.performClick(); //模拟一次点击,既进去后选择第一项 } //UI组件初始化与事件绑定 private void bindViews() { txt_topbar = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.txt_topbar); txt_notification = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.txt_notification); txt_message = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.txt_message); txt_better = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.txt_better); txt_setting = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.txt_setting); ly_content = (FrameLayout) findViewById(R.id.ly_content); txt_notification.setOnClickListener(this); txt_message.setOnClickListener(this); txt_better.setOnClickListener(this); txt_setting.setOnClickListener(this); } //重置所有文本的选中状态 private void setSelected() { txt_notification.setSelected(false); txt_message.setSelected(false); txt_better.setSelected(false); txt_setting.setSelected(false); } //隐藏所有Fragment private void hideAllFragment(FragmentTransaction fragmentTransaction) { if (fg1 != null) fragmentTransaction.hide(fg1); if (fg2 != null) fragmentTransaction.hide(fg2); if (fg3 != null) fragmentTransaction.hide(fg3); if (fg4 != null) fragmentTransaction.hide(fg4); } @Override public void onClick(View v) { FragmentTransaction fTransaction = fManager.beginTransaction(); hideAllFragment(fTransaction); switch (v.getId()) { case R.id.txt_notification: setSelected(); txt_notification.setSelected(true); if (fg1 == null) { fg1 = new SimpleFragment(); String content = "第一个Fragment"; Bundle bd = new Bundle(); bd.putString("content", content); fg1.setArguments(bd); fTransaction.add(R.id.ly_content, fg1); } else { fTransaction.show(fg1); } break; case R.id.txt_message: setSelected(); txt_message.setSelected(true); if (fg2 == null) { fg2 = new SimpleFragment(); String content = "第二个Fragment"; Bundle bd = new Bundle(); bd.putString("content", content); fg2.setArguments(bd); fTransaction.add(R.id.ly_content, fg2); } else { fTransaction.show(fg2); } break; case R.id.txt_better: setSelected(); txt_better.setSelected(true); if (fg3 == null) { fg3 = new SimpleFragment(); String content = "第三个Fragment"; Bundle bd = new Bundle(); bd.putString("content", content); fg3.setArguments(bd); fTransaction.add(R.id.ly_content, fg3); } else { fTransaction.show(fg3); } break; case R.id.txt_setting: setSelected(); txt_setting.setSelected(true); if (fg4 == null) { fg4 = new SimpleFragment(); String content = "第四个Fragment"; Bundle bd = new Bundle(); bd.putString("content", content); fg4.setArguments(bd); fTransaction.add(R.id.ly_content, fg4); } else { fTransaction.show(fg4); } break; } fTransaction.commit(); } }
核心代码思路导读
刚打开APP,我们模拟一次点击,使用组件的performClick触发,从而点击“提醒”按钮因此来显示第一个fragment;
每次点击先把当前所有的fragment“隐藏”再显示相应的那个被按钮点下去后需要显示的fragment
效果图
运行效果如下
自己动一下手吧。
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