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Java持久层框架

So,Cool 人气:0

本文适合有一定java基础的同学,通过分析jdbc存在的问题,进行手写自定义持久层框架,可以更加清楚常用的mybatis等开源框架的原理。

前言

本文适合有一定java基础的同学,通过自定义持久层框架,可以更加清楚常用的mybatis等开源框架的原理。

JDBC操作回顾及问题分析

学习java的同学一定避免不了接触过jdbc,让我们来回顾下初学时期接触的jdbc操作吧

以下代码连接数据库查询用户表信息,用户表字段分别为用户id,用户名username。

Connection connection = null;
        PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null;
        ResultSet resultSet = null;
        User user = new User();
        try {
            // 加载数据库驱动
            //Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
            Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver");
            // 通过驱动管理类获取数据库链接
            connection = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mybatis?characterEncoding=utf-8", "root", "mimashi3124");
            // 定义sql语句?表示占位符
            String sql = "select * from user where username = ?";
            // 获取预处理statement
            preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement(sql);
            // 设置参数,第⼀个参数为sql语句中参数的序号(从1开始),第⼆个参数为设置的参数值
            preparedStatement.setString(1, "盖伦");
            // 向数据库发出sql执⾏查询,查询出结果集
            resultSet = preparedStatement.executeQuery();
            // 遍历查询结果集
            while (resultSet.next()) {
                int id = resultSet.getInt("id");
                String username = resultSet.getString("username");
                // 封装User
                user.setId(id);
                user.setUsername(username);
            }
            System.out.println(user);
        } catch (
                Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            // 释放资源
            if (resultSet != null) {
                try {
                    resultSet.close();
                } catch (SQLException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (preparedStatement != null) {
                try {
                    preparedStatement.close();
                } catch (SQLException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (connection != null) {
                try {
                    connection.close();
                } catch (SQLException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }

查看代码我们可以发现使用JDBC操作数据库存在以下问题:

问题解决思路

自己动手写个持久层框架

接下来,我们来一个个解决上面的问题

数据库连接池我们可以直接使用c3p0提供的ComboPooledDataSource即可

为了解决sql硬编码问题,我们要把sql写到xml文件中,那自然是要定义一个xml文件了。

光有sql肯定不行,毕竟我们要先连接数据库,sql语句才有存在的意义。所以xml中得先定义数据配置信息,然后才是sql语句。

1.定义配置xml文件

我们新建一个sqlMapConfig.xml,定义数据源信息、并且增加两个sql语句,parameterType为sql执行参数,resultType为方法返回实体。

代码如下(数据库不同版本使用驱动类可能不同):

<configuration>
    <!--数据库连接信息-->
    <property name="driverClass" value="com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver"/>
<!--    <property name="driverClass" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>-->
    <property name="jdbcUrl" value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mybatis?serverTimezone=Asia/Shanghai"/>
    <property name="username" value="root"/>
    <property name="password" value="mimashi3124"/>

	<select id="selectOne" parameterType="org.example.pojo.User"
            resultType="org.example.pojo.User">
        select * from user where id = #{id} and username =#{username}
    </select>

    <select id="selectList" resultType="org.example.pojo.User">
        select * from user
    </select>
</configuration>

现在xml文件数据库信息也有了,sql语句定义也有了,还有什么问题呢?

我们实际中对sql的操作会涉及到不同的表,所以我们改进一下,把每个表的sql语句单独放在一个xml里,这样结构更清晰就容易维护。

优化以后的xml配置现在是这样了

sqlMapConfig.xml

<configuration>
    <!--数据库连接信息-->
    <property name="driverClass" value="com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver"/>
	<!-- <property name="driverClass" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>-->
    <property name="jdbcUrl" value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mybatis?serverTimezone=Asia/Shanghai"/>
    <property name="username" value="root"/>
    <property name="password" value="mimashi3124"/>
    <!--引⼊sql配置信息-->
	<mapper resource="mapper.xml"></mapper>
</configuration>

mapper.xml

<mapper namespace="user">
    <select id="selectOne" parameterType="org.example.pojo.User"
            resultType="org.example.pojo.User">
        select * from user where id = #{id} and username =#{username}
    </select>

    <select id="selectList" resultType="org.example.pojo.User">
        select * from user
    </select>
</mapper>

顺便定义一下业务实体User

public class User {
    private int id;
    private String username;
    
    public int getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(int id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public String getUsername() {
        return username;
    }

    public void setUsername(String username) {
        this.username = username;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "User{" +
                "id=" + id +
                ", username='" + username + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

2.读取配置文件

读取完成以后以流的形式存在,不好操作,所以我们要做解析拿到信息,创建实体对象来存储。

Configuration : 存放数据库基本信息、Map<唯⼀标识,Mapper> 唯⼀标识:namespace + "." + idMappedStatement:存放sql语句、输⼊参数类型、输出参数类型

xml解析我们使用dom4j

首先引入maven依赖

代码如下(mysql驱动版本根据实际使用mysql版本调整):

<properties>
        <maven.compiler.source>8</maven.compiler.source>
        <maven.compiler.target>8</maven.compiler.target>
    </properties>

    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>mysql</groupId>
            <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
            <version>8.0.22</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>c3p0</groupId>
            <artifactId>c3p0</artifactId>
            <version>0.9.1.2</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>log4j</groupId>
            <artifactId>log4j</artifactId>
            <version>1.2.12</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>junit</groupId>
            <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
            <version>4.10</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>dom4j</groupId>
            <artifactId>dom4j</artifactId>
            <version>1.6.1</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>jaxen</groupId>
            <artifactId>jaxen</artifactId>
            <version>1.1.6</version>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

数据库配置实体 Configuration

public class Configuration {
    //数据源
    private DataSource dataSource;
    //map集合: key:statementId value:MappedStatement
    private Map<String,MappedStatement> mappedStatementMap = new HashMap<>();

    public DataSource getDataSource() {
        return dataSource;
    }

    public Configuration setDataSource(DataSource dataSource) {
        this.dataSource = dataSource;
        return this;
    }

    public Map<String, MappedStatement> getMappedStatementMap() {
        return mappedStatementMap;
    }

    public Configuration setMappedStatementMap(Map<String, MappedStatement> mappedStatementMap) {
        this.mappedStatementMap = mappedStatementMap;
        return this;
    }
}

Sql语句信息实体

public class MappedStatement {

    //id
    private String id;
    //sql语句
    private String sql;
    //输⼊参数
    private String parameterType;
    //输出参数
    private String resultType;

    public String getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public MappedStatement setId(String id) {
        this.id = id;
        return this;
    }

    public String getSql() {
        return sql;
    }

    public MappedStatement setSql(String sql) {
        this.sql = sql;
        return this;
    }

    public String getParameterType() {
        return parameterType;
    }

    public MappedStatement setParameterType(String parameterType) {
        this.parameterType = parameterType;
        return this;
    }

    public String getResultType() {
        return resultType;
    }

    public MappedStatement setResultType(String resultType) {
        this.resultType = resultType;
        return this;
    }
}

顺便定义一个Resources类来读取xml文件流

public class Resources {
    public static InputStream getResourceAsSteam(String path) {
        return Resources.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(path);
    }
}

接下来就是实际的解析了,因为解析代码比较多,我们考虑封装类单独处理解析

定义XMLConfigBuilder类解析数据库配置信息

public class XMLConfigBuilder {

    private Configuration configuration;


    public XMLConfigBuilder() {
        this.configuration = new Configuration();
    }

    public Configuration parserConfiguration(InputStream inputStream) throws DocumentException, PropertyVetoException, ClassNotFoundException {
        Document document = new SAXReader().read(inputStream);
        Element rootElement = document.getRootElement();
        List<Element> propertyElements = rootElement.selectNodes("//property");
        Properties properties = new Properties();
        for (Element propertyElement : propertyElements) {
            String name = propertyElement.attributeValue("name");
            String value = propertyElement.attributeValue("value");
            properties.setProperty(name,value);
        }
        //解析到数据库配置信息,设置数据源信息
        ComboPooledDataSource comboPooledDataSource = new ComboPooledDataSource();
        comboPooledDataSource.setDriverClass(properties.getProperty("driverClass"));
        comboPooledDataSource.setJdbcUrl(properties.getProperty("jdbcUrl"));
        comboPooledDataSource.setUser(properties.getProperty("username"));
        comboPooledDataSource.setPassword(properties.getProperty("password"));
		
        configuration.setDataSource(comboPooledDataSource);

		//将configuration传入XMLMapperBuilder中做sql语句解析。
        XMLMapperBuilder xmlMapperBuilder = new XMLMapperBuilder(this.configuration);
        List<Element> mapperElements = rootElement.selectNodes("//mapper");
        for (Element mapperElement : mapperElements) {
            String mapperPath = mapperElement.attributeValue("resource");
            InputStream resourceAsStream = this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(mapperPath);
            xmlMapperBuilder.parse(resourceAsStream);
        }
        return configuration;
    }
}

定义XMLMapperBuilder类解析数据库配置信息

public class XMLMapperBuilder {

    private Configuration configuration;

    public XMLMapperBuilder(Configuration configuration) {
        this.configuration = configuration;
    }
    public void parse(InputStream inputStream) throws DocumentException,
            ClassNotFoundException {
        Document document = new SAXReader().read(inputStream);
        Element rootElement = document.getRootElement();
        String namespace = rootElement.attributeValue("namespace");
        List<Element> select = rootElement.selectNodes("select");
        for (Element element : select) { //id的值
            String id = element.attributeValue("id");
            String parameterType = element.attributeValue("parameterType"); //输⼊参数
            String resultType = element.attributeValue("resultType"); //返回参数
            //statementId,后续调用通过statementId,找到对应的sql执行
            String key = namespace + "." + id;
            //sql语句
            String textTrim = element.getTextTrim();
            //封装 mappedStatement
            MappedStatement mappedStatement = new MappedStatement();
            mappedStatement.setId(id);
            mappedStatement.setParameterType(parameterType);
            mappedStatement.setResultType(resultType);
            mappedStatement.setSql(textTrim);
            //填充 configuration
            configuration.getMappedStatementMap().put(key, mappedStatement);
        }
    }
}

现在我们可以通过调用配置解析的方法拿到Configuration对象了。但是我们实际使用,肯定是希望我给你配置信息、sql语句,再调用你的方法就返回结果了。
所以我们还需要定义一个数据库操作接口(类)

3.定义sql操作接口SqlSession

public interface SqlSession {
	//查询多个
    public <E> List<E> selectList(String statementId, Object... param) throws Exception;

	//查询一个
    public <T> T selectOne(String statementId,Object... params) throws Exception;
}

对操作接口SqlSession做具体实现,这里主要是通过statementId找到对应的sql信息,进行执行

代码中simpleExcutor做真正的数据库语句执行、返回参数封装等操作

public class DefaultSqlSession implements SqlSession {

    private Configuration configuration;
    private Executor simpleExcutor = new SimpleExecutor();

    public DefaultSqlSession(Configuration configuration) {
        this.configuration = configuration;
    }

    @Override
    public <E> List<E> selectList(String statementId, Object... param) throws Exception {
        MappedStatement mappedStatement =
                configuration.getMappedStatementMap().get(statementId);
        List<E> query = simpleExcutor.query(configuration, mappedStatement, param);
        return query;
    }

    @Override
    public <T> T selectOne(String statementId, Object... params) throws Exception {
        List<Object> objects = selectList(statementId, params);
        if (objects.size() == 1) {
            return (T) objects.get(0);
        } else {
            throw new RuntimeException("返回结果过多");
        }
    }
}

4.编写数据库执行逻辑

数据库操作类DefaultSqlSession中的selectList方法调用到了simpleExcutor.query()方法

public class SimpleExecutor implements Executor {

    private Connection connection = null;

    @Override
    public <E> List<E> query(Configuration configuration, MappedStatement mappedStatement, Object[] params) throws Exception {
        //获取连接
        connection = configuration.getDataSource().getConnection();
        // select * from user where id = #{id} and username = #{username} String sql =
        String sql = mappedStatement.getSql();
        //对sql进⾏处理
        BoundSql boundSql = getBoundSql(sql);
        // 3.获取预处理对象:preparedStatement
        PreparedStatement preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement(boundSql.getSqlText());

        // 4. 设置参数
        //获取到了参数的全路径
        String parameterType = mappedStatement.getParameterType();
        Class<?> parameterTypeClass = getClassType(parameterType);

        List<ParameterMapping> parameterMappingList = boundSql.getParameterMappingList();
        for (int i = 0; i < parameterMappingList.size(); i++) {
            ParameterMapping parameterMapping = parameterMappingList.get(i);
            String content = parameterMapping.getContent();

            //反射
            Field declaredField = parameterTypeClass.getDeclaredField(content);
            //暴力访问
            declaredField.setAccessible(true);
            Object o = declaredField.get(params[0]);

            preparedStatement.setObject(i+1,o);

        }
        // 5. 执行sql
        ResultSet resultSet = preparedStatement.executeQuery();
        String resultType = mappedStatement.getResultType();
        Class<?> resultTypeClass = getClassType(resultType);

        ArrayList<Object> objects = new ArrayList<>();

        // 6. 封装返回结果集
        while (resultSet.next()){
            Object o =resultTypeClass.newInstance();
            //元数据
            ResultSetMetaData metaData = resultSet.getMetaData();
            for (int i = 1; i <= metaData.getColumnCount(); i++) {
                // 字段名
                String columnName = metaData.getColumnName(i);
                // 字段的值
                Object value = resultSet.getObject(columnName);
                //使用反射或者内省,根据数据库表和实体的对应关系,完成封装
                PropertyDescriptor propertyDescriptor = new PropertyDescriptor(columnName, resultTypeClass);
                Method writeMethod = propertyDescriptor.getWriteMethod();
                writeMethod.invoke(o,value);
            }
            objects.add(o);
        }
        return (List<E>) objects;
    }

    @Override
    public void close() throws SQLException {

    }

    private Class<?> getClassType(String parameterType) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        if(parameterType!=null){
            Class<?> aClass = Class.forName(parameterType);
            return aClass;
        }
        return null;

    }

    private BoundSql getBoundSql(String sql) {
        //标记处理类:主要是配合通⽤标记解析器GenericTokenParser类完成对配置⽂件等的解 析⼯作,其中
        //TokenHandler主要完成处理
        ParameterMappingTokenHandler parameterMappingTokenHandler = new
                ParameterMappingTokenHandler();
        //GenericTokenParser :通⽤的标记解析器,完成了代码⽚段中的占位符的解析,然后再根 据给定的
       // 标记处理器(TokenHandler)来进⾏表达式的处理
        //三个参数:分别为openToken (开始标记)、closeToken (结束标记)、handler (标记处 理器)
        GenericTokenParser genericTokenParser = new GenericTokenParser("#{", "}",
                parameterMappingTokenHandler);
        String parse = genericTokenParser.parse(sql);
        List<ParameterMapping> parameterMappings =
                parameterMappingTokenHandler.getParameterMappings();
        return new BoundSql(parse, parameterMappings);
    }
}

上面的注释比较详细,流程为

通过以上步骤,我们获取到了数据库配置、sql语句信息。定义了数据库操作类SqlSession,但是我们并没有在什么地方调用解析配置文件。

我们还需要一个东西把两者给串起来,这里我们可以使用工厂模式来生成SqlSession

使用工厂模式创建SqlSession

public interface SqlSessionFactory {
    public SqlSession openSession();
}
public class DefaultSqlSessionFactory implements SqlSessionFactory{

    private Configuration configuration;

    public DefaultSqlSessionFactory(Configuration configuration) {
        this.configuration = configuration;
    }

    @Override
    public SqlSession openSession() {
        return new DefaultSqlSession(configuration);
    }
}

同时为了屏蔽构建SqlSessionFactory工厂类时获取Configuration的解析过程,我们可以使用构建者模式来获得一个SqlSessionFactory类。

public class SqlSessionFactoryBuilder {
    public SqlSessionFactory build(InputStream inputStream) throws PropertyVetoException, DocumentException, ClassNotFoundException {
        XMLConfigBuilder xmlConfigerBuilder = new XMLConfigBuilder();
        Configuration configuration = xmlConfigerBuilder.parserConfiguration(inputStream);
        SqlSessionFactory sqlSessionFactory = new DefaultSqlSessionFactory(configuration);
        return sqlSessionFactory;
    }
}

5.调用测试

终于好了,通过以上几个步骤我们现在可以具体调用执行代码了。

 public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        InputStream resourceAsSteam = Resources.getResourceAsSteam("sqlMapConfig.xml");
        SqlSessionFactory sqlSessionFactory = new SqlSessionFactoryBuilder().build(resourceAsSteam);
        SqlSession sqlSession = sqlSessionFactory.openSession();
        User user = new User();
        user.setId(1);
        user.setUsername("盖伦");
        User user2 = sqlSession.selectOne("user.selectOne", user);

        System.out.println(user2);
        List<User> users = sqlSession.selectList("user.selectList");
        for (User user1 : users) {
            System.out.println(user1);
        }
    }

代码正确执行,输出

⾃定义框架优化

上述⾃定义框架,解决了JDBC操作数据库带来的⼀些问题:例如频繁创建释放数据库连接,硬编
码,⼿动封装返回结果集等问题,现在我们继续来分析刚刚完成的⾃定义框架代码,有没有什么问题呢?

问题如下:

我们可以使用代理模式,生成代理对象,在调用之前获取到执行方法的方法名、具体类。这样我们就能获取到statementId。

为SqlSession类新增getMappper方法,获取代理对象

public interface SqlSession {
    public <E> List<E> selectList(String statementId, Object... param) throws Exception;

    public <T> T selectOne(String statementId,Object... params) throws Exception;

    //为Dao接口生成代理实现类
    public <T> T getMapper(Class<?> mapperClass);
}
public class DefaultSqlSession implements SqlSession {

    private Configuration configuration;
    private Executor simpleExcutor = new SimpleExecutor();

    public DefaultSqlSession(Configuration configuration) {
        this.configuration = configuration;
    }

    @Override
    public <E> List<E> selectList(String statementId, Object... param) throws Exception {
        MappedStatement mappedStatement =
                configuration.getMappedStatementMap().get(statementId);
        List<E> query = simpleExcutor.query(configuration, mappedStatement, param);
        return query;
    }

    @Override
    public <T> T selectOne(String statementId, Object... params) throws Exception {
        List<Object> objects = selectList(statementId, params);
        if (objects.size() == 1) {
            return (T) objects.get(0);
        } else {
            throw new RuntimeException("返回结果过多");
        }
    }

    @Override
    public <T> T getMapper(Class<?> mapperClass) {
        Object proxyInstance = Proxy.newProxyInstance(DefaultSqlSession.class.getClassLoader(), new Class[]{mapperClass}, new InvocationHandler() {
            @Override
            public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args) throws Throwable {
            	// selectOne
                String methodName = method.getName();
                // className:namespace
                String className = method.getDeclaringClass().getName();
                //statementId
                String statementId = className+'.'+methodName;
                Type genericReturnType = method.getGenericReturnType();
                //判断是否实现泛型类型参数化
                if (genericReturnType instanceof ParameterizedType){
                    List<Object> objects = selectList(statementId,args);
                    return objects;
                }
                return selectOne(statementId,args);
            }
        });
        return (T) proxyInstance;
    }
}

定义业务数据dao接口

public interface IUserDao {
    //查询所有用户
    public List<User> findAll() throws Exception;
    //根据条件进行用户查询
    public User findByCondition(User user) throws Exception;
}

接下来我们只需获取到代理对象,调用方法即可。

public class Main2 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        InputStream resourceAsSteam = Resources.getResourceAsSteam("sqlMapConfig.xml");
        SqlSessionFactory sqlSessionFactory = new SqlSessionFactoryBuilder().build(resourceAsSteam);
        SqlSession sqlSession = sqlSessionFactory.openSession();
		//获取到代理对象
        IUserDao userDao = sqlSession.getMapper(IUserDao.class);
        List<User> all = userDao.findAll();
        for (User user1 : all) {
            System.out.println(user1);
        }
    }
}

总结

为了解决JDBC操作数据库存在的问题,我们主要干了这些事

以下为本文的大体流程图:

源码以及数据库建表语句链接 :java自定义简易持久层框架

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