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Java 定时任务

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java实现定时任务

Jdk自带的库中,有两种方式可以实现定时任务,一种是Timer,另一种是ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor

Timer+TimerTask

创建一个Timer就创建了一个线程,可以用来调度TimerTask任务

Timer有四个构造方法,可以指定Timer线程的名字以及是否设置为为守护线程。默认名字Timer-编号,默认不是守护线程。

主要有三个比较重要的方法:

cancel():终止任务调度,取消当前调度的所有任务,正在运行的任务不受影响

purge():从任务队列中移除所有已经取消的任务

schedule:开始调度任务,提供了几个重载方法:

schedule(TimerTask task, long delay)延时执行,表示delay毫秒后执行一次task任务

schedule(TimerTask task, Date time)`指定时间执行,到`time`时间的时候执行一次`task
schedule(TimerTask task, long delay, long period)`延时周期执行,经过`delay`毫秒后每`period`毫秒执行一次`task
schedule(TimerTask task, Date firstTime, long period)`指定时间后周期执行,到达指定时间`firstTime`后每`period`毫秒执行一次`task

示例

public class TimerTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Timer timer = new Timer("aa");
        Task task = new Task();
        timer.schedule(task,new Date(),1000);
    }
}
class Task extends TimerTask{
    @Override
    public void run() {
        System.out.println(new Date());
    }
}

输出:
Thu Jul 07 14:50:02 CST 2022
Thu Jul 07 14:50:03 CST 2022
Thu Jul 07 14:50:04 CST 2022
Thu Jul 07 14:50:05 CST 2022
…………

弊端

Timer是单线程的,并且不会抛出异常,一旦定时任务抛出异常,将会导致整个线程停止,即定时任务停止。

ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor

因为Timer的缺陷,所以不建议使用Timer,建议使用ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor

ScheduledThreadPoolExecutorTimer的替代者,于JDK1.5引入,继承了ThreadPoolExecutor,是基于线程池设计的定时任务类。

主要的调度方法:

schedule只执行一次调度,(任务,延迟时间,延迟时间单位)

scheduleAtFixedRate按固定的频率调度,如果执行时间过长,下次调度会延迟,(任务,第一次执行的延迟时间,周期,时间单位)

scheduleWithFixedDelay延迟调度,一次任务执行完后加上延迟时间执行下一次任务,(任务,第一次执行的延迟时间,间隔时间,时间单位)

示例

public class TimerTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
        ScheduledExecutorService scheduledExecutorService = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(10);
        scheduledExecutorService.scheduleAtFixedRate(
                () -> System.out.println(new Date()),
                1,3, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
    }
}

Spring定时任务

Spring定时任务主要靠@Scheduled注解实现,corn,fixedDelay,fixedDelayString,fixedRate,fixedRateString五个参数必须指定其一,传两个或三个都会抛出异常

@Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Repeatable(Schedules.class)
public @interface Scheduled {
	String CRON_DISABLED = ScheduledTaskRegistrar.CRON_DISABLED;
    // cron表达式
	String cron() default "";
    // 时区
	String zone() default "";
    // 从上一次调用结束到下一次调用之间的固定时间
	long fixedDelay() default -1;
    // 和fixedDelay意思相同,只是使用字符传格式,支持占位符。例如:fixedDelayString = "${time.fixedDelay}"
	String fixedDelayString() default "";
    // 两次调用之间固定的毫秒数(不需要等待上次任务完成)
	long fixedRate() default -1;
    // 同上,支持占位符
	String fixedRateString() default "";
    // 第一次执行任务前延迟的毫秒数
	long initialDelay() default -1;
    // 同上,支持占位符
	String initialDelayString() default "";
}

示例

@Component
@EnableScheduling
public class ScheduledTask {
    @Scheduled(fixedDelay = 1000)
    public void task(){
        System.out.println("aaa");
    }
}

原理

项目启动ScheduledAnnotationBeanPostProcessorpostProcessAfterInitialization()方法扫描带有@Scheduled注解的方法:

	@Override
	public Object postProcessAfterInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) {
		if (bean instanceof AopInfrastructureBean || bean instanceof TaskScheduler ||
				bean instanceof ScheduledExecutorService) {
			// Ignore AOP infrastructure such as scoped proxies.
			return bean;
		}
		Class<?> targetClass = AopProxyUtils.ultimateTargetClass(bean);
		if (!this.nonAnnotatedClasses.contains(targetClass) &&
				AnnotationUtils.isCandidateClass(targetClass, Arrays.asList(Scheduled.class, Schedules.class))) {
			Map<Method, Set<Scheduled>> annotatedMethods = MethodIntrospector.selectMethods(targetClass,
					(MethodIntrospector.MetadataLookup<Set<Scheduled>>) method -> {
						Set<Scheduled> scheduledMethods = AnnotatedElementUtils.getMergedRepeatableAnnotations(
								method, Scheduled.class, Schedules.class);
						return (!scheduledMethods.isEmpty() ? scheduledMethods : null);
					});
			if (annotatedMethods.isEmpty()) {
				this.nonAnnotatedClasses.add(targetClass);
				if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
					logger.trace("No @Scheduled annotations found on bean class: " + targetClass);
				}
			}
			else {
				// Non-empty set of methods
				annotatedMethods.forEach((method, scheduledMethods) ->
                        // 调用processScheduled方法将定时任务的方法存放到任务队列中
						scheduledMethods.forEach(scheduled -> processScheduled(scheduled, method, bean)));
				if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
					logger.trace(annotatedMethods.size() + " @Scheduled methods processed on bean '" + beanName +
							"': " + annotatedMethods);
				}
			}
		}
		return bean;
	}
	protected void processScheduled(Scheduled scheduled, Method method, Object bean) {
		try {
            // 创建任务线程
			Runnable runnable = createRunnable(bean, method);
            // 解析到定时任务方式的标记,解析到正确的参数后会设置为TRUE,如果在解析到了其他的参数就会抛出异常
			boolean processedSchedule = false;
			String errorMessage =
					"Exactly one of the 'cron', 'fixedDelay(String)', or 'fixedRate(String)' attributes is required";
			Set<ScheduledTask> tasks = new LinkedHashSet<>(4);
			// Determine initial delay 解析第一次的延迟(解析initialDelay参数)
			long initialDelay = scheduled.initialDelay();
			String initialDelayString = scheduled.initialDelayString();
			if (StringUtils.hasText(initialDelayString)) {
                // initialDelay不能小于0
				Assert.isTrue(initialDelay < 0, "Specify 'initialDelay' or 'initialDelayString', not both");
				if (this.embeddedValueResolver != null) {
					initialDelayString = this.embeddedValueResolver.resolveStringValue(initialDelayString);
				}
				if (StringUtils.hasLength(initialDelayString)) {
					try {
						initialDelay = parseDelayAsLong(initialDelayString);
					}
					catch (RuntimeException ex) {
						throw new IllegalArgumentException(
								"Invalid initialDelayString value \"" + initialDelayString + "\" - cannot parse into long");
					}
				}
			}
			// Check cron expression 解析cron表达式
			String cron = scheduled.cron();
			if (StringUtils.hasText(cron)) {
                // 解析时区
				String zone = scheduled.zone();
				if (this.embeddedValueResolver != null) {
					cron = this.embeddedValueResolver.resolveStringValue(cron);
					zone = this.embeddedValueResolver.resolveStringValue(zone);
				}
				if (StringUtils.hasLength(cron)) {
					Assert.isTrue(initialDelay == -1, "'initialDelay' not supported for cron triggers");
					processedSchedule = true;
					if (!Scheduled.CRON_DISABLED.equals(cron)) {
						TimeZone timeZone;
						if (StringUtils.hasText(zone)) {
							timeZone = StringUtils.parseTimeZoneString(zone);
						}
						else {
							timeZone = TimeZone.getDefault();
						}
						tasks.add(this.registrar.scheduleCronTask(new CronTask(runnable, new CronTrigger(cron, timeZone))));
					}
				}
			}
            // 第一次延迟参数小于0,默认为0
			// At this point we don't need to differentiate between initial delay set or not anymore
			if (initialDelay < 0) {
				initialDelay = 0;
			}
			// Check fixed delay 解析fixedDelay参数
			long fixedDelay = scheduled.fixedDelay();
			if (fixedDelay >= 0) {
				Assert.isTrue(!processedSchedule, errorMessage);
				processedSchedule = true;
				tasks.add(this.registrar.scheduleFixedDelayTask(new FixedDelayTask(runnable, fixedDelay, initialDelay)));
			}
			String fixedDelayString = scheduled.fixedDelayString();
			if (StringUtils.hasText(fixedDelayString)) {
				if (this.embeddedValueResolver != null) {
					fixedDelayString = this.embeddedValueResolver.resolveStringValue(fixedDelayString);
				}
				if (StringUtils.hasLength(fixedDelayString)) {
					Assert.isTrue(!processedSchedule, errorMessage);
					processedSchedule = true;
					try {
						fixedDelay = parseDelayAsLong(fixedDelayString);
					}
					catch (RuntimeException ex) {
						throw new IllegalArgumentException(
								"Invalid fixedDelayString value \"" + fixedDelayString + "\" - cannot parse into long");
					}
					tasks.add(this.registrar.scheduleFixedDelayTask(new FixedDelayTask(runnable, fixedDelay, initialDelay)));
				}
			}
			// Check fixed rate 解析fixedRate参数
			long fixedRate = scheduled.fixedRate();
			if (fixedRate >= 0) {
				Assert.isTrue(!processedSchedule, errorMessage);
				processedSchedule = true;
				tasks.add(this.registrar.scheduleFixedRateTask(new FixedRateTask(runnable, fixedRate, initialDelay)));
			}
			String fixedRateString = scheduled.fixedRateString();
			if (StringUtils.hasText(fixedRateString)) {
				if (this.embeddedValueResolver != null) {
					fixedRateString = this.embeddedValueResolver.resolveStringValue(fixedRateString);
				}
				if (StringUtils.hasLength(fixedRateString)) {
					Assert.isTrue(!processedSchedule, errorMessage);
					processedSchedule = true;
					try {
						fixedRate = parseDelayAsLong(fixedRateString);
					}
					catch (RuntimeException ex) {
						throw new IllegalArgumentException(
								"Invalid fixedRateString value \"" + fixedRateString + "\" - cannot parse into long");
					}
					tasks.add(this.registrar.scheduleFixedRateTask(new FixedRateTask(runnable, fixedRate, initialDelay)));
				}
			}
			// Check whether we had any attribute set
            // 如果五个参数一个也没解析到,抛出异常
			Assert.isTrue(processedSchedule, errorMessage);
			// Finally register the scheduled tasks
            // 并发控制将任务队列存入注册任务列表
			synchronized (this.scheduledTasks) {
				Set<ScheduledTask> regTasks = this.scheduledTasks.computeIfAbsent(bean, key -> new LinkedHashSet<>(4));
				regTasks.addAll(tasks);
			}
		}
		catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
			throw new IllegalStateException(
					"Encountered invalid @Scheduled method '" + method.getName() + "': " + ex.getMessage());
		}
	}

将任务解析并添加到任务队列后,交由ScheduledTaskRegistrar类的scheduleTasks方法添加(注册)定时任务到环境中

protected void scheduleTasks() {
   if (this.taskScheduler == null) {
       //获取ScheduledExecutorService对象,实际上都是使用ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor执行定时任务调度
      this.localExecutor = Executors.newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor();
      this.taskScheduler = new ConcurrentTaskScheduler(this.localExecutor);
   }
   if (this.triggerTasks != null) {
      for (TriggerTask task : this.triggerTasks) {
         addScheduledTask(scheduleTriggerTask(task));
      }
   }
   if (this.cronTasks != null) {
      for (CronTask task : this.cronTasks) {
         addScheduledTask(scheduleCronTask(task));
      }
   }
   if (this.fixedRateTasks != null) {
      for (IntervalTask task : this.fixedRateTasks) {
         addScheduledTask(scheduleFixedRateTask(task));
      }
   }
   if (this.fixedDelayTasks != null) {
      for (IntervalTask task : this.fixedDelayTasks) {
         addScheduledTask(scheduleFixedDelayTask(task));
      }
   }
}
private void addScheduledTask(@Nullable ScheduledTask task) {
   if (task != null) {
      this.scheduledTasks.add(task);
   }
}

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