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Spring依赖注入

蓝黑2020 人气:0

环境

准备

创建Maven项目 test0706

修改 pom.xml 文件,添加依赖:

        ......
        <!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/junit/junit -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>junit</groupId>
            <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
            <version>4.13.2</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        <!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.springframework/spring-webmvc -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
            <version>5.3.21</version>
        </dependency>
        ......

src/main/resources 目录下创建 applicationContext.xml 文件:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
</beans>

src/test/java 目录下创建测试:

public class Test0706 {
}

设值注入

创建如下POJO:

package pojo;
public interface Axe {
    public void chop();
}
package pojo;

public class StoneAxe implements Axe{
    public StoneAxe() {
        System.out.println("StoneAxe constructor");
    }
    @Override
    public void chop() {
        System.out.println("Stone axe!");
    }
}
package pojo;
public class SteelAxe implements Axe{
    public SteelAxe() {
        System.out.println("SteelAxe constructor");
    }
    @Override
    public void chop() {
        System.out.println("Steel axe!");
    }
}
package pojo;

public class Person {
    private String name;
    private Axe axe;
    public void setAxe(Axe axe) {
        this.axe = axe;
    }
    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }
    public void useAxe() {
        System.out.println("I am " + name);
        axe.chop();
    }
    public Person() {
        System.out.println("Person constructor");
    }
}

applicationContext.xml 中注册bean:

    ......
    <bean id="stoneAxe" class="pojo.StoneAxe"/>
    <bean id="steelAxe" class="pojo.SteelAxe"/>
    <bean id="person" class="pojo.Person">
        <property name="name" value="Tom"/>
        <property name="axe" ref="stoneAxe"/>
    </bean>
    ......

创建测试用例:

    @Test
    public void test1() {
        var ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
        System.out.println("before getBean");
        var person = ctx.getBean("person", Person.class);
        person.useAxe();
    }

运行测试,如下:

StoneAxe constructor
SteelAxe constructor
Person constructor
before getBean
I am Tom
Stone axe!

总结:

构造注入

构造注入和设值注入非常相像,二者的主要区别为:

创建如下POJO:

package pojo;
public interface Book {
    public void show();
}
package pojo;

public class PlayBook implements Book{
    public PlayBook() {
        System.out.println("PlayBook constructor");
    }
    @Override
    public void show() {
        System.out.println("Play book!");
    }
}
package pojo;

public class StudyBook implements Book{
    public StudyBook() {
        System.out.println("StudyBook constructor");
    }
    @Override
    public void show() {
        System.out.println("Study book!");
    }
}
package pojo;

public class Student {
    private String name;
    private Book book;
    public Student(String name, Book book) {
        System.out.println("Student constructor");
        this.name = name;
        this.book = book;
    }
    public void readBook() {
        System.out.println("I am " + name);
        book.show();
    }
}

applicationContext.xml 中注册bean:

    ......
    <bean id="playBook" class="pojo.PlayBook"/>

    <bean id="studyBook" class="pojo.StudyBook"/>

    <bean id="student" class="pojo.Student">
        <constructor-arg index="0" value="Jerry"/>
        <constructor-arg index="1" ref="playBook"/>
    </bean>
    ......

创建测试用例:

    @Test
    public void test2() {
        var ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
        System.out.println("before getBean");
        var student = ctx.getBean("student", Student.class);
        student.readBook();
    }

运行测试,如下:

......
PlayBook constructor
StudyBook constructor
Student constructor
before getBean
I am Jerry
Play book!

总结:

接口注入和设值注入也很相像,都是通过setter方法来注入被依赖对象,二者的主要区别为:

ApplicationContextAware 接口为例,在Spring初始化时,会扫描所有的bean,如果发现某个bean实现了该接口,就会自动调用其 setApplicationContext() 方法,把Spring容器本身传进去;

创建POJO MyBean

package pojo;

import org.springframework.beans.BeansException;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContextAware;
public class MyBean implements ApplicationContextAware {
    private ApplicationContext applicationContext;
    @Override
    public void setApplicationContext(ApplicationContext applicationContext) throws BeansException {
        System.out.println("before setter");

        this.applicationContext = applicationContext;
    }
    public void foo() {
        System.out.println(applicationContext.getDisplayName());
    }
}

applicationContext.xml 中注册bean:

    ......
    <bean id="myBean" class="pojo.MyBean"/>
    ......

创建测试用例:

    @Test
    public void test3() {
        var ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
        System.out.println("before getBean");
        var myBean = ctx.getBean("myBean", MyBean.class);
        myBean.foo();
    }

运行测试,如下:

......
before setter
before getBean
org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext@506e6d5e

总结:

对于bean之前的依赖关系,通常我们使用 ref 来显式指定被注入的对象。Spring也支持自动装配(autowire)。

常见的自动装配策略有:

创建如下POJO:

package pojo;
public interface Ball {
    public void fly();
}
package pojo;

public class FootBall implements Ball{
    @Override
    public void fly() {
        System.out.println("FootBall is flying");
    }
}
package pojo;

public class BasketBall implements Ball{
    @Override
    public void fly() {
        System.out.println("BasketBall is flying");
    }
}
package pojo;

public class Athlete {
    private Ball ball;
    public void setBall(Ball ball) {
        this.ball = ball;
    }
    public void play() {
        ball.fly();
    }
}

applicationContext.xml 中注册bean:

    ......
    <bean id="footBall" class="pojo.FootBall"/>
    <bean id="basketBall" class="pojo.BasketBall"/>
    <bean id="athlete" class="pojo.Athlete" autowire="byName"/>
    ......

创建测试用例:

    @Test
    public void test4() {
        var ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
        var athlete = ctx.getBean("athlete", Athlete.class);
        athlete.play();
    }

运行测试,如下:

java.lang.NullPointerException: Cannot invoke "pojo.Ball.fly()" because "this.ball" is null

这是因为 autowire="byName" ,setter方法为 setBall() 。移除 set 前缀,并把首字母 B 变成 b ,所以会查找ID为 ball 的bean,但是没有找到,所以不会注入对象。但是后面调用了Ball的 fly() 方法,所以报了空指针错误。

修改配置如下:

    ......
    <bean id="ball" class="pojo.FootBall"/>
    <bean id="basketBall" class="pojo.BasketBall"/>
    <bean id="athlete" class="pojo.Athlete" autowire="byName"/>
    ......

再次运行测试,这次成功了:

FootBall is flying

修改配置,把 byName 改为 byType

    ......
    <bean id="athlete" class="pojo.Athlete" autowire="byName"/>
    ......

再次运行测试,如下:

org.springframework.beans.factory.UnsatisfiedDependencyException: 
Error creating bean with name 'athlete' defined in class path resource [applicationContext.xml]: 
Unsatisfied dependency expressed through bean property 'ball'; 
nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException: 
No qualifying bean of type 'pojo.Ball' available: 
expected single matching bean but found 2: ball,basketBall

找到了多个符合的bean,所以报错了。

修改配置,只保留一个Ball的实现类:

    ......
<!--    <bean id="ball" class="pojo.FootBall"/>-->
    <bean id="basketBall" class="pojo.BasketBall"/>
    <bean id="athlete" class="pojo.Athlete" autowire="byType"/>
    ......

再次运行测试,这次成功了。

BasketBall is flying

总结

具体如何注入呢?

自动装配 :

byName :通过setter方法名来查找bean ID,跟前面说的通过bean ID来调用setter方法正好相反。把setter方法名去掉 set 前缀,然后首字母小写。比如对于 setName() 方法,得到的bean ID是 name

byType :根据setter方法的参数类型来查找bean:

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