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Python表格pandas、文件和数据库模块

springsnow 人气:0

pandas官方文档：http://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/?v=20190307135750

pandas基于Numpy，可以看成是处理文本或者表格数据。

pandas中有两个主要的数据结构，其中Series数据结构类似于Numpy中的一维数组，DataFrame类似于多维表格数据结构。

pandas是python数据分析的核心模块。它主要提供了五大功能:

一、Series数据结构

Series是一种类似于一维数组的对象，由一组数据和一组与之相关的数据标签（索引）组成。

Series比较像列表（数组）和字典的结合体

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

df = pd.Series(0, index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
print(df)
# a    0
# b    0
# c    0
# d    0
# dtype: int64

print(df.values) # 值
# [0 0 0 0]

print(df.index) # 索引
# Index(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], dtype='object')

1、Series的创建

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

df = pd.Series(np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, np.nan]), index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']) # 1、从ndarray创建Series
print(df)
# a    1.0
# b    2.0
# c    3.0
# d    4.0
# e    NaN
# dtype: float64

df = pd.Series({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, 'd': 4, 'e': np.nan}) # 2、也可以从字典创建Series

dates = pd.date_range('20190101', periods=6, freq='M')
print(type(dates)) # 
print(dates)
# DatetimeIndex(['2019-01-31', '2019-02-28', '2019-03-31', '2019-04-30',
#                '2019-05-31', '2019-06-30'],
#               dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='M')

df=pd.Series(0,index=dates) # 3、时间序列索引
print(df)
# 2019-01-31    0
# 2019-02-28    0
# 2019-03-31    0
# 2019-04-30    0
# 2019-05-31    0
# 2019-06-30    0
# Freq: M, dtype: int64

产生时间对象数组：date_range参数详解：

2、Series属性

print(df ** 2) # 3、与标量运算
# a     1.0
# b     4.0
# c     9.0
# d    16.0
# e     NaN
# dtype: float64


print(df + df) # 4、两个Series运算
# a    2.0
# b    4.0
# c    6.0
# d    8.0
# e    NaN
# dtype: float64

print(df[0] )  # 5、数字索引； 1.0
print(df[[0, 1, 2]]) # 行索引
# a    1.0
# b    2.0
# c    3.0
# dtype: float64
print(df['a'] )  #  6、键索引（行标签） ；1.0
  
print(df[['b','c']])

print('a' in df)  # 7、in运算；True

print(df[0:2] ) # 8、切片
# a    1.0
# b    2.0
# dtype: float64

print(np.sin(df)) # 9、通用函数
# a    0.841471
# b    0.909297
# c    0.141120
# d   -0.756802
# e         NaN
# dtype: float64

print(df[df > 1] ) # 10、布尔值过滤
# b    2.0
# c    3.0
# d    4.0
# dtype: float64

2、Series缺失数据处理

df = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4, np.nan], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'])
print(df)
# a    1.0
# b    2.0
# c    3.0
# d    4.0
# e    NaN
# dtype: float64

print(df.dropna() ) # 1、过滤掉值为NaN的行
# a    1.0
# b    2.0
# c    3.0
# d    4.0
# dtype: float64

print(df.fillna(5) ) # 2、用指定值填充缺失数据
# a    1.0
# b    2.0
# c    3.0
# d    4.0
# e    5.0
# dtype: float64

print(df.isnull() ) #  3、返回布尔数组，缺失值对应为True
# a    False
# b    False
# c    False
# d    False
# e     True
# dtype: bool

print(df.notnull() ) # 4、返回布尔数组，缺失值对应为False
# a     True
# b     True
# c     True
# d     True
# e    False
# dtype: bool

二、DataFrame数据结构

DataFrame是一个表格型的数据结构，含有一组有序的列。

DataFrame可以被看做是由Series组成的字典，并且共用一个索引。

1、DataFrame的创建

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

df1 = pd.DataFrame(np.zeros((3, 4))) # 创建一个三行四列的DataFrame
print(df1)
#      0    1    2    3
# 0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
# 1  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
# 2  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0

dates = pd.date_range('20190101', periods=6, freq='M')

np.random.seed(1)
arr = 10 * np.random.randn(6, 4)
print(arr)
# [[ 16.24345364  -6.11756414  -5.28171752 -10.72968622]
#  [  8.65407629 -23.01538697  17.44811764  -7.61206901]
#  [  3.19039096  -2.49370375  14.62107937 -20.60140709]
#  [ -3.22417204  -3.84054355  11.33769442 -10.99891267]
#  [ -1.72428208  -8.77858418   0.42213747   5.82815214]
#  [-11.00619177  11.4472371    9.01590721   5.02494339]]

df = pd.DataFrame(arr, index=dates, columns=['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4']) # 自定义index和column
print(df)
#                    c1         c2         c3         c4
# 2019-01-31  16.243454  -6.117564  -5.281718 -10.729686
# 2019-02-28   8.654076 -23.015387  17.448118  -7.612069
# 2019-03-31   3.190391  -2.493704  14.621079 -20.601407
# 2019-04-30  -3.224172  -3.840544  11.337694 -10.998913
# 2019-05-31  -1.724282  -8.778584   0.422137   5.828152
# 2019-06-30 -11.006192  11.447237   9.015907   5.024943

2、DataFrame属性

print(df.dtypes) # 1、查看数据类型
# 0    float64
# 1    float64
# 2    float64
# 3    float64
# dtype: object


print(df.index) # 2、查看行索引
# DatetimeIndex(['2019-01-31', '2019-02-28', '2019-03-31', '2019-04-30',
#                '2019-05-31', '2019-06-30'],
#               dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='M')

print(df.columns) # 3、查看各列的标签
# Index(['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4'], dtype='object')

print(df.values) # 4、查看数据框内的数据，也即不含行标签和列头的数据 
# [[ 16.24345364  -6.11756414  -5.28171752 -10.72968622]
#  [  8.65407629 -23.01538697  17.44811764  -7.61206901]
#  [  3.19039096  -2.49370375  14.62107937 -20.60140709]
#  [ -3.22417204  -3.84054355  11.33769442 -10.99891267]
#  [ -1.72428208  -8.77858418   0.42213747   5.82815214]
#  [-11.00619177  11.4472371    9.01590721   5.02494339]]

print(df.describe()) # 5、查看数据每一列的极值，均值，中位数，只可用于数值型数据
#               c1         c2         c3         c4
# count   6.000000   6.000000   6.000000   6.000000
# mean    2.022213  -5.466424   7.927203  -6.514830
# std     9.580084  11.107772   8.707171  10.227641
# min   -11.006192 -23.015387  -5.281718 -20.601407
# 25%    -2.849200  -8.113329   2.570580 -10.931606
# 50%     0.733054  -4.979054  10.176801  -9.170878
# 75%     7.288155  -2.830414  13.800233   1.865690
# max    16.243454  11.447237  17.448118   5.828152

print(df.T) # 6、transpose转置，也可用Ｔ来操作
#     2019-01-31  2019-02-28  2019-03-31  2019-04-30  2019-05-31  2019-06-30
# c1   16.243454    8.654076    3.190391   -3.224172   -1.724282  -11.006192

# c2   -6.117564  -23.015387   -2.493704   -3.840544   -8.778584   11.447237
# c3   -5.281718   17.448118   14.621079   11.337694    0.422137    9.015907
# c4  -10.729686   -7.612069  -20.601407  -10.998913    5.828152    5.024943


print(df.sort_index(axis=0)) # 7、排序，axis=0 可按行标签排序输出； 按行标签][2019-01-01, 2019-01-02...]从大到小排序
#                    c1         c2         c3         c4
# 2019-01-31  16.243454  -6.117564  -5.281718 -10.729686
# 2019-02-28   8.654076 -23.015387  17.448118  -7.612069
# 2019-03-31   3.190391  -2.493704  14.621079 -20.601407
# 2019-04-30  -3.224172  -3.840544  11.337694 -10.998913
# 2019-05-31  -1.724282  -8.778584   0.422137   5.828152
# 2019-06-30 -11.006192  11.447237   9.015907   5.024943

print(df.sort_index(axis=1)) # 7、排序，axis=1 可按列头标签排序输出；按列标签[c1, c2, c3, c4从大到小排序
#                    c1         c2         c3         c4
# 2019-01-31  16.243454  -6.117564  -5.281718 -10.729686
# 2019-02-28   8.654076 -23.015387  17.448118  -7.612069
# 2019-03-31   3.190391  -2.493704  14.621079 -20.601407
# 2019-04-30  -3.224172  -3.840544  11.337694 -10.998913
# 2019-05-31  -1.724282  -8.778584   0.422137   5.828152
# 2019-06-30 -11.006192  11.447237   9.015907   5.024943

print(df.sort_values(by='c2')) # 8、按数据值来排序 ；按c2列的值从大到小排序
#                    c1         c2         c3         c4
# 2019-02-28   8.654076 -23.015387  17.448118  -7.612069
# 2019-05-31  -1.724282  -8.778584   0.422137   5.828152
# 2019-01-31  16.243454  -6.117564  -5.281718 -10.729686
# 2019-04-30  -3.224172  -3.840544  11.337694 -10.998913
# 2019-03-31   3.190391  -2.493704  14.621079 -20.601407
# 2019-06-30 -11.006192  11.447237   9.015907   5.024943

3、DataFrame取值

print(df['c2']) # 1、 通过columns标签取值
# 2019-01-31    -6.117564
# 2019-02-28   -23.015387
# 2019-03-31    -2.493704
# 2019-04-30    -3.840544
# 2019-05-31    -8.778584
# 2019-06-30    11.447237
# Freq: M, Name: c2, dtype: float64

print(df[['c2', 'c3']])
#                    c2         c3
# 2019-01-31  -6.117564  -5.281718
# 2019-02-28 -23.015387  17.448118
# 2019-03-31  -2.493704  14.621079
# 2019-04-30  -3.840544  11.337694
# 2019-05-31  -8.778584   0.422137
# 2019-06-30  11.447237   9.015907

print(df[0:3])  # 2、 通过columns索引取值
#                    c1         c2         c3         c4
# 2019-01-31  16.243454  -6.117564  -5.281718 -10.729686
# 2019-02-28   8.654076 -23.015387  17.448118  -7.612069
# 2019-03-31   3.190391  -2.493704  14.621079 -20.601407

print(df.loc['20200228':'20200430']) # 3、loc 通过行标签取值：
#                  c1         c2         c3         c3
# 2020-02-29  8.654076 -23.015387  17.448118  -7.612069
# 2020-03-31  3.190391  -2.493704  14.621079 -20.601407
# 2020-04-30 -3.224172  -3.840544  11.337694 -10.998913

print(df.iloc[1:3]) # 4、iloc 通过行索引选择数据,取第二行到三行。
#                  c1         c2         c3         c3
# 2020-02-29  8.654076 -23.015387  17.448118  -7.612069
# 2020-03-31  3.190391  -2.493704  14.621079 -20.601407

print(df.iloc[2, 1])  # 第三行第二列值：-2.493703754774101

print(df.iloc[1:4, 1:4]) # 第 2-4行与第2-4列：
#                    c2         c3         c4
# 2019-02-28 -23.015387  17.448118  -7.612069
# 2019-03-31  -2.493704  14.621079 -20.601407
# 2019-04-30  -3.840544  11.337694 -10.998913

print(df['c3'] > 10) # 5、 使用逻辑判断取值
# 2020-01-31       False
# 2020-02-29         True
# 2020-03-31         True
# 2020-04-30         True
# 2020-05-31       False
# 2020-06-30       False
# Freq: M, Name: c3, dtype: bool
print(df[df['c3'] > 10]) # 5、 使用逻辑判断取值
# c1 c2 c3 c4 
# 2020-02-29 8.654076 -23.015387 17.448118 -7.612069 
# 2020-03-31 3.190391 -2.493704 14.621079 -20.601407 
# 2020-04-30 -3.224172 -3.840544 11.337694 -10.998913
print(df[(df['c1'] > 0) & (df['c2'] > -8)])
#                    c1        c2         c3         c4
# 2019-01-31  16.243454 -6.117564  -5.281718 -10.729686
# 2019-03-31   3.190391 -2.493704  14.621079 -20.601407

4、DataFrame值替换

df.iloc[1:3]=5 # 将2-3行的值设为5
print(df)

#                    c1         c2         c3         c4
# 2020-01-31  16.243454  -6.117564  -5.281718 -10.729686
# 2020-02-29   5.000000   5.000000   5.000000   5.000000
# 2020-03-31   5.000000   5.000000   5.000000   5.000000
# 2020-04-30  -3.224172  -3.840544  11.337694 -10.998913
# 2020-05-31  -1.724282  -8.778584   0.422137   5.828152


df.iloc[0:3, 0:2] = 0 # 将1-3行1-2列的值设为0
print(df)
#                    c1         c2         c3         c4
# 2019-01-31   0.000000   0.000000  -5.281718 -10.729686
# 2019-02-28   0.000000   0.000000  17.448118  -7.612069
# 2019-03-31   0.000000   0.000000  14.621079 -20.601407
# 2019-04-30  -3.224172  -3.840544  11.337694 -10.998913
# 2019-05-31  -1.724282  -8.778584   0.422137   5.828152
# 2019-06-30 -11.006192  11.447237   9.015907   5.024943


# 针对行做处理
df[df['c3'] > 10] = 100 # 将C3列的大于10的行数值设为0
print(df)
#                     c1          c2          c3          c4
# 2019-01-31    0.000000    0.000000   -5.281718  -10.729686
# 2019-02-28  100.000000  100.000000  100.000000  100.000000
# 2019-03-31  100.000000  100.000000  100.000000  100.000000
# 2019-04-30  100.000000  100.000000  100.000000  100.000000
# 2019-05-31   -1.724282   -8.778584    0.422137    5.828152
# 2019-06-30  -11.006192   11.447237    9.015907    5.024943


# 针对行做处理
df = df.astype(np.int32)
df[df['c3'].isin([100])] = 1000 # 将C3列的等于100的行数值设为1000
print(df)
#               c1    c2    c3    c4
# 2019-01-31     0     0    -5   -10
# 2019-02-28  1000  1000  1000  1000
# 2019-03-31  1000  1000  1000  1000
# 2019-04-30  1000  1000  1000  1000
# 2019-05-31    -1    -8     0     5
# 2019-06-30   -11    11     9     5

5、处理丢失数据

print(df.isnull())
#       c1     c2     c3     c4
# 0  False   True  False  False
# 1  False  False  False  False
# 2  False  False   True  False
# 3  False  False  False  False
# 4  False  False  False  False
# 5  False  False  False   True
# 6   True   True   True   True

print(df.isnull().sum()) # 1、通过在isnull()方法后使用sum()方法即可获得该数据集某个特征含有多少个缺失值
# c1    1
# c2    2
# c3    2
# c4    2
# dtype: int64

print(df.dropna(axis=0)) # 2、axis=0删除有NaN值的行
#     c1   c2   c3   c4
# 1  4.9  3.0  1.4  0.2
# 3  7.0  3.2  4.7  1.4
# 4  6.4  3.2  4.5  1.5

print(df.dropna(axis=1)) # 3、axis=1删除有NaN值的列
# Empty DataFrame
# Columns: []
# Index: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

print(df.dropna(how='all')) # 4、删除全为NaN值得行或列
#     c1   c2   c3   c4
# 0  5.1  NaN  1.4  0.2
# 1  4.9  3.0  1.4  0.2
# 2  4.7  3.2  NaN  0.2
# 3  7.0  3.2  4.7  1.4
# 4  6.4  3.2  4.5  1.5
# 5  6.9  3.1  4.9  NaN

print(df.dropna(thresh=4)) #5、 保留至少有4个非NaN数据的行，删除行不为4个值的，
#     c1   c2   c3   c4
# 1  4.9  3.0  1.4  0.2
# 3  7.0  3.2  4.7  1.4
# 4  6.4  3.2  4.5  1.5

print(df.dropna(subset=['c2'])) # 6、删除c2中有NaN值的行
#     c1   c2   c3   c4
# 1  4.9  3.0  1.4  0.2
# 2  4.7  3.2  NaN  0.2
# 3  7.0  3.2  4.7  1.4
# 4  6.4  3.2  4.5  1.5
# 5  6.9  3.1  4.9  NaN

print(df.fillna(value=10)) # 7、用指定值填充nan值
#      c1    c2    c3    c4
# 0   5.1  10.0   1.4   0.2
# 1   4.9   3.0   1.4   0.2
# 2   4.7   3.2  10.0   0.2
# 3   7.0   3.2   4.7   1.4
# 4   6.4   3.2   4.5   1.5
# 5   6.9   3.1   4.9  10.0
# 6  10.0  10.0  10.0  10.0

6、合并数据

print(df.isnull())
#       c1     c2     c3     c4
# 0  False   True  False  False
# 1  False  False  False  False
# 2  False  False   True  False
# 3  False  False  False  False
# 4  False  False  False  False
# 5  False  False  False   True
# 6   True   True   True   True

print(df.isnull().sum()) # 1、通过在isnull()方法后使用sum()方法即可获得该数据集某个特征含有多少个缺失值
# c1    1
# c2    2
# c3    2
# c4    2
# dtype: int64

print(df.dropna(axis=0)) # 2、axis=0删除有NaN值的行
#     c1   c2   c3   c4
# 1  4.9  3.0  1.4  0.2
# 3  7.0  3.2  4.7  1.4
# 4  6.4  3.2  4.5  1.5

print(df.dropna(axis=1)) # 3、axis=1删除有NaN值的列
# Empty DataFrame
# Columns: []
# Index: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

print(df.dropna(how='all')) # 4、删除全为NaN值得行或列
#     c1   c2   c3   c4
# 0  5.1  NaN  1.4  0.2
# 1  4.9  3.0  1.4  0.2
# 2  4.7  3.2  NaN  0.2
# 3  7.0  3.2  4.7  1.4
# 4  6.4  3.2  4.5  1.5
# 5  6.9  3.1  4.9  NaN

print(df.dropna(thresh=4)) #5、 保留至少有4个非NaN数据的行，删除行不为4个值的，
#     c1   c2   c3   c4
# 1  4.9  3.0  1.4  0.2
# 3  7.0  3.2  4.7  1.4
# 4  6.4  3.2  4.5  1.5

print(df.dropna(subset=['c2'])) # 6、删除c2中有NaN值的行
#     c1   c2   c3   c4
# 1  4.9  3.0  1.4  0.2
# 2  4.7  3.2  NaN  0.2
# 3  7.0  3.2  4.7  1.4
# 4  6.4  3.2  4.5  1.5
# 5  6.9  3.1  4.9  NaN

print(df.fillna(value=10)) # 7、用指定值填充nan值
#      c1    c2    c3    c4
# 0   5.1  10.0   1.4   0.2
# 1   4.9   3.0   1.4   0.2
# 2   4.7   3.2  10.0   0.2
# 3   7.0   3.2   4.7   1.4
# 4   6.4   3.2   4.5   1.5
# 5   6.9   3.1   4.9  10.0
# 6  10.0  10.0  10.0  10.0

二、读取CSV文件

import pandas as pd
from io import StringIO

test_data = '''
5.1,,1.4,0.2
4.9,3.0,1.4,0.2
4.7,3.2,,0.2
7.0,3.2,4.7,1.4
6.4,3.2,4.5,1.5
6.9,3.1,4.9,
,,,
'''

test_data = StringIO(test_data)
df = pd.read_csv(test_data, header=None)
df.columns = ['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4']
print(df)
#     c1   c2   c3   c4
# 0  5.1  NaN  1.4  0.2
# 1  4.9  3.0  1.4  0.2
# 2  4.7  3.2  NaN  0.2
# 3  7.0  3.2  4.7  1.4
# 4  6.4  3.2  4.5  1.5
# 5  6.9  3.1  4.9  NaN
# 6  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN

三、导入导出数据

pandas的读写Excel需要依赖xlrd模块，所以我们需要去安装一下， 命令：pip install xlrd

使用df = pd.read_excel(filename)读取文件，使用df.to_excel(filename)保存文件。

1、读取文件导入数据

df = pd.read_excel(filename)

读取文件导入数据函数主要参数：

2、写入文件导出数据

df.to_excel(filename)

写入文件函数的主要参数：

3、实例

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
df = pd.read_excel("http://pbpython.com/extras/excel-comp-data.xlsx")
print(df.head())
print(len(df.index)) # 行数 （不包含表头，且一下均如此）
print(df.index.values) # 行索引 
print(len(df.columns)) # 列数
print(df.columns.values) # 列索引

data = df.loc[0].values #  表示第0行数据
data = df.loc[[1, 2]].values #  读取多行数据（这里是第1行和第2行）

data = df.iloc[:, 1].values #  读第1列数据
data = df.iloc[:, [1, 2]].values #  读取多列数据（这里是第1列和第2列）
data = df.iloc[1, 2] #  读取指定单元格数据（这里是第1行第一列数据）
data = df.iloc[[1, 2], [1, 2]].values #  读取多行多列数据（第1,2行1,2列的数据）

#  任务：输出满足成绩大于等于90的数据
temp = []
for i in range(len(df.index.values)):
    if df.iloc[i, 3] >= 90:
        temp.append(df.iloc[i].values)
df2 = pd.DataFrame(data=temp, columns=df.columns.values)
writer = pd.ExcelWriter('out_test.xlsx')#  不写index会输出索引
df2.to_excel(writer, 'Sheet', index=False)
writer.save()

四、pandas读取json文件

import pandas as pd

strtext = '[{"ttery":"min","issue":"20130801-3391","code":"8,4,5,2,9","code1":"297734529","code2":null,"time":1013395466000},\
{"ttery":"min","issue":"20130801-3390","code":"7,8,2,1,2","code1":"298058212","code2":null,"time":1013395406000},\
{"ttery":"min","issue":"20130801-3389","code":"5,9,1,2,9","code1":"298329129","code2":null,"time":1013395346000},\
{"ttery":"min","issue":"20130801-3388","code":"3,8,7,3,3","code1":"298588733","code2":null,"time":1013395286000},\
{"ttery":"min","issue":"20130801-3387","code":"0,8,5,2,7","code1":"298818527","code2":null,"time":1013395226000}]'

df = pd.read_json(strtext, orient='records')
print(df)
#   ttery          issue       code      code1  code2           time
# 0   min  20130801-3391  8,4,5,2,9  297734529    NaN  1013395466000
# 1   min  20130801-3390  7,8,2,1,2  298058212    NaN  1013395406000
# 2   min  20130801-3389  5,9,1,2,9  298329129    NaN  1013395346000
# 3   min  20130801-3388  3,8,7,3,3  298588733    NaN  1013395286000
# 4   min  20130801-3387  0,8,5,2,7  298818527    NaN  1013395226000

df = pd.read_json(strtext, orient='records')
df.to_excel('pandas处理json.xlsx', index=False, columns=["ttery", "issue", "code", "code1", "code2", "time"])

orient参数的五种形式

orient是表明预期的json字符串格式。orient的设置有以下五个值：

1.'split' : dict like {index -> [index], columns -> [columns], data -> [values]}

这种就是有索引，有列字段,和数据矩阵构成的json格式。key名称只能是index,columns和data。

s = '{"index":[1,2,3],"columns":["a","b"],"data":[[1,3],[2,8],[3,9]]}'
df = pd.read_json(s, orient='split')
print(df)
#    a  b
# 1  1  3
# 2  2  8
# 3  3  9

2.'records' : list like [{column -> value}, ... , {column -> value}]

这种就是成员为字典的列表。如我今天要处理的json数据示例所见。构成是列字段为键,值为键值,每一个字典成员就构成了dataframe的一行数据。

strtext = '[{"ttery":"min","issue":"20130801-3391","code":"8,4,5,2,9","code1":"297734529","code2":null,"time":1013395466000},\
{"ttery":"min","issue":"20130801-3390","code":"7,8,2,1,2","code1":"298058212","code2":null,"time":1013395406000}]'

df = pd.read_json(strtext, orient='records')
print(df)
#   ttery          issue       code      code1  code2           time
# # 0   min  20130801-3391  8,4,5,2,9  297734529    NaN  1013395466000
# # 1   min  20130801-3390  7,8,2,1,2  298058212    NaN  1013395406000

3.'index' : dict like {index -> {column -> value}}

以索引为key,以列字段构成的字典为键值。如：

s = '{"0":{"a":1,"b":2},"1":{"a":9,"b":11}}'
df = pd.read_json(s, orient='index')
print(df)
#    a   b
# 0  1   2
# 1  9  11

4.'columns' : dict like {column -> {index -> value}}

这种处理的就是以列为键，对应一个值字典的对象。这个字典对象以索引为键,以值为键值构成的json字符串。如下图所示:

s = '{"a":{"0":1,"1":9},"b":{"0":2,"1":11}}'
df = pd.read_json(s, orient='columns')
print(df)
#    a   b
# 0  1   2
# 1  9  11

5.'values' : just the values array。

values这种我们就很常见了。就是一个嵌套的列表。里面的成员也是列表，2层的。

s = '[["a",1],["b",2]]'
df = pd.read_json(s, orient='values')
print(df)
#    0  1
# 0  a  1
# 1  b  2

五、pandas读取sql语句

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import pymysql


def conn(sql):
    # 连接到mysql数据库
    conn = pymysql.connect(
        host="localhost",
        port=3306,
        user="root",
        passwd="123",
        db="db1",
    )
    try:
        data = pd.read_sql(sql, con=conn)
        return data
    except Exception as e:
        print("SQL is not correct!")
    finally:
        conn.close()


sql = "select * from test1 limit 0, 10"  # sql语句
data = conn(sql)
print(data.columns.tolist())  # 查看字段
print(data)  # 查看数据

到此这篇关于Python中的pandas表格模块、文件模块和数据库模块的文章就介绍到这了。希望对大家的学习有所帮助，也希望大家多多支持。

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