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ASP.NET Core Startup 理解ASP.NET Core 启动类(Startup)

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想了解理解ASP.NET Core 启动类(Startup)的相关内容吗,xiaoxiaotank在本文为您仔细讲解ASP.NET Core Startup的相关知识和一些Code实例,欢迎阅读和指正,我们先划重点:ASP.NET,Core,启动类,ASP.NET,Core,Startup,下面大家一起来学习吧。

准备工作:一份ASP.NET Core Web API应用程序

当我们来到一个陌生的环境,第一件事就是找到厕所在哪。

当我们接触一份新框架时,第一件事就是找到程序入口,即Main方法

public class Program
{
    public static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        CreateHostBuilder(args).Build().Run();
    }

    public static IHostBuilder CreateHostBuilder(string[] args) =>
        Host.CreateDefaultBuilder(args)
            .ConfigureWebHostDefaults(webBuilder =>
            {
                webBuilder.UseStartup<Startup>();
            });
}

代码很简单,典型的建造者模式:通过IHostBuilder创建一个通用主机(Generic Host),然后启动它(至于什么是通用主机,咱们后续的文章会说到)。咱们不要一上来就去研究CreateDefaultBuilderConfigureWebHostDefaults这些方法的源代码,应该去寻找能看的见、摸得着的,很明显,只有Startup

Startup类

Startup类承担应用的启动任务,所以按照约定,起名为Startup,不过你可以修改为任意类名(强烈建议类名为Startup)。

默认的Startup结构很简单,包含:

public class Startup
{
    public Startup(IConfiguration configuration)
    {
        Configuration = configuration;
    }

    public IConfiguration Configuration { get; }

    // This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to add services to the container.
    // 该方法由运行时调用,使用该方法向DI容器添加服务
    public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
    {
    }

    // This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to configure the HTTP request pipeline.
    // 该方法由运行时调用,使用该方法配置HTTP请求管道
    public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IWebHostEnvironment env)
    {
    }
}

Startup构造函数

当使用通用主机(Generic Host)时,Startup构造函数支持注入以下三种服务类型:

public Startup(
    IConfiguration configuration,
    IHostEnvironment hostEnvironment,
    IWebHostEnvironment webHostEnvironment)
{
    Configuration = configuration;
    HostEnvironment = hostEnvironment;
    WebHostEnvironment = webHostEnvironment;
}

public IConfiguration Configuration { get; }

public IHostEnvironment HostEnvironment { get; set; }

public IWebHostEnvironment WebHostEnvironment { get; set; }

这里你会发现 HostEnvironmentWebHostEnvironment 的实例是同一个。别着急,后续文章我们聊到Host的时候,你就明白了。

ConfigureServices

常用的服务有(部分服务框架已默认注册):

Configure

常用的中间件有

省略Startup类

另外,Startup类也可以省略,直接进行如下配置即可(虽然可以这样做,但是不推荐):

public static IHostBuilder CreateHostBuilder(string[] args) =>
    Host.CreateDefaultBuilder(args)
        .ConfigureWebHostDefaults(webBuilder =>
        {
            // ConfigureServices 可以调用多次,最终会将结果聚合
            webBuilder.ConfigureServices(services =>
            {
            })
            // Configure 如果调用多次,则只有最后一次生效
            .Configure(app =>
            {
                var env = app.ApplicationServices.GetRequiredService<IWebHostEnvironment>();
            });
        });

IStartupFilter

public interface IStartupFilter
{
    Action<IApplicationBuilder> Configure(Action<IApplicationBuilder> next);
}

有时,我们想要将一系列相关中间件的注册封装到一起,那么我们只需要通过实现IStartupFilter,并在Startup.ConfigureServices中配置IStartupFilter的依赖注入即可。

我们可以通过一个例子来验证一下中间件的注册顺序。

首先是三个IStartupFilter的实现类:

public class FirstStartupFilter : IStartupFilter
{
    public Action<IApplicationBuilder> Configure(Action<IApplicationBuilder> next)
    => app =>
    {
        app.Use((context, next) =>
        {
            Console.WriteLine("First");
            return next();
        });
        next(app);
    };
}

public class SecondStartupFilter : IStartupFilter
{
    public Action<IApplicationBuilder> Configure(Action<IApplicationBuilder> next)
    => app =>
    {
        app.Use((context, next) =>
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Second");
            return next();
        });
        next(app);
    };
}

public class ThirdStartupFilter : IStartupFilter
{
    public Action<IApplicationBuilder> Configure(Action<IApplicationBuilder> next)
    => app =>
    {
        app.Use((context, next) =>
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Third");
            return next();
        });
        next(app);
    };
}

接下来进行注册:

public static IHostBuilder CreateHostBuilder(string[] args) =>
    Host.CreateDefaultBuilder(args)
        .ConfigureServices(services =>
        {
            // 第一个被注册
            services.AddTransient<IStartupFilter, FirstStartupFilter>();
        })
        .ConfigureWebHostDefaults(webBuilder =>
        {
            webBuilder.UseStartup<Startup>();
        })
        .ConfigureServices(services => 
        {
            // 第三个被注册
            services.AddTransient<IStartupFilter, ThirdStartupFilter>();
        });
        
public class Startup
{
    public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
    {
        // 第二个被注册
        services.AddTransient<IStartupFilter, SecondStartupFilter>();
    }

    public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IWebHostEnvironment env)
    {
        // 第四个被注册
        app.Use((context, next) =>
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Forth");
            return next();
        });
    }
}

最后通过输出可以看到,执行顺序的确是这样子的。

First
Second
Third
Forth

IHostingStartup

IStartupFilter不同的是,IHostingStartup可以在启动时通过外部程序集向应用增加更多功能。不过这要求必须调用ConfigureWebHostConfigureWebHostDefaults等类似用来配置Web主机的扩展方法

我们经常使用的Nuget包SkyApm.Agent.AspNetCore就使用了该特性。

下面我们就来看一下该如何使用它。

HostingStartup 程序集

要创建HostingStartup程序集,可以通过创建类库项目或无入口点的控制台应用来实现。

接下来咱们还是看一下上面提到过的SkyApm.Agent.AspNetCore

using SkyApm.Agent.AspNetCore;

[assembly: HostingStartup(typeof(SkyApmHostingStartup))]

namespace SkyApm.Agent.AspNetCore
{
    internal class SkyApmHostingStartup : IHostingStartup
    {
        public void Configure(IWebHostBuilder builder)
        {
            builder.ConfigureServices(services => services.AddSkyAPM(ext => ext.AddAspNetCoreHosting()));
        }
    }
}

该HostingStartup类:

HostingStartup 特性

HostingStartup特性用于标识哪个类是HostingStartup类,HostingStartup类需要实现IHostingStartup接口。

当程序启动时,会自动扫描入口程序集和配置的待激活的的程序集列表(参见下方:激活HostingStarup程序集),来找到所有的HostingStartup特性,并通过反射的方式创建Startup并调用Configure方法。

SkyApm.Agent.AspNetCore为例

using SkyApm.Agent.AspNetCore;

[assembly: HostingStartup(typeof(SkyApmHostingStartup))]

namespace SkyApm.Agent.AspNetCore
{
    internal class SkyApmHostingStartup : IHostingStartup
    {
        public void Configure(IWebHostBuilder builder)
        {
            builder.ConfigureServices(services => services.AddSkyAPM(ext => ext.AddAspNetCoreHosting()));
        }
    }
}

激活HostingStarup程序集

要激活HostingStarup程序集,我们有两种配置方式:

1.使用环境变量(推荐)

使用环境变量,无需侵入程序代码,所以我更推荐大家使用这种方式。

配置环境变量ASPNETCORE_HOSTINGSTARTUPASSEMBLIES,多个程序集使用分号(;)进行分隔,用于添加要激活的程序集。变量WebHostDefaults.HostingStartupAssembliesKey就是指代这个环境变量的Key。

另外,还有一个环境变量,叫做ASPNETCORE_HOSTINGSTARTUPEXCLUDEASSEMBLIES,多个程序集使用分号(;)进行分隔,用于排除要激活的程序集。变量WebHostDefaults.HostingStartupExcludeAssembliesKey就是指代这个环境变量的Key。

我们在 launchSettings.json 中添加两个程序集:

"environmentVariables": {
    "ASPNETCORE_HOSTINGSTARTUPASSEMBLIES": "SkyAPM.Agent.AspNetCore;HostingStartupLibrary"
}

2.在程序中配置

public static IHostBuilder CreateHostBuilder(string[] args) =>
    Host.CreateDefaultBuilder(args)
        .ConfigureWebHostDefaults(webBuilder =>
        {
            webBuilder.UseSetting(
                WebHostDefaults.HostingStartupAssembliesKey,
                "SkyAPM.Agent.AspNetCore;HostingStartupLibrary")
            .UseStartup<Startup>();
        });

这样就配置完成了,很🐮🍺的一个功能点吧!

需要注意的是,无论使用哪种配置方式,当存在多个HostingStartup程序集时,将按配置这些程序集时的书写顺序执行 Configure方法。

多环境配置

一款软件,一般要经过需求分析、设计编码,单元测试、集成测试以及系统测试等一系列测试流程,验收,最终上线。那么,就至少需要4套环境来保证系统运行:

环境配置方式

通过环境变量ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT指定运行环境

注意:如果未指定环境,默认情况下,为 Production

在项目的Properties文件夹里面,有一个“launchSettings.json”文件,该文件是用于配置VS中项目启动的。
接下来我们就在launchSettings.json中配置一下。
先解释一下该文件中出现的几个参数:

Project:启动 Kestrel

IISExpress:启动IIS Express

IIS:不启用任何Web服务器,使用IIS

{
  "$schema": "http://json.schemastore.org/launchsettings.json",
  "profiles": {
    // 如果不指定profile,则默认选择第一个
    // Development
    "ASP.NET.WebAPI": {
      "commandName": "Project",
      "dotnetRunMessages": "true",
      "launchBrowser": true,
      "launchUrl": "weatherforecast",
      "applicationUrl": "http://localhost:5000",
      "environmentVariables": {
        "ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT": "Development"
      }
    },
    // Test
    "ASP.NET.WebAPI.Test": {
      "commandName": "Project",
      "dotnetRunMessages": "true",
      "launchBrowser": true,
      "launchUrl": "weatherforecast",
      "applicationUrl": "http://localhost:5000",
      "environmentVariables": {
        "ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT": "Test"
      }
    },
    // Staging
    "ASP.NET.WebAPI.Staging": {
      "commandName": "Project",
      "dotnetRunMessages": "true",
      "launchBrowser": true,
      "launchUrl": "weatherforecast",
      "applicationUrl": "http://localhost:5000",
      "environmentVariables": {
        "ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT": "Staging"
      }
    },
    // Production
    "ASP.NET.WebAPI.Production": {
      "commandName": "Project",
      "dotnetRunMessages": "true",
      "launchBrowser": true,
      "launchUrl": "weatherforecast",
      "applicationUrl": "http://localhost:5000",
      "environmentVariables": {
        "ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT": "Production"
      }
    },
    // 用于测试在未指定环境时,默认是否为Production
    "ASP.NET.WebAPI.Default": {
      "commandName": "Project",
      "dotnetRunMessages": "true",
      "launchBrowser": true,
      "launchUrl": "weatherforecast",
      "applicationUrl": "http://localhost:5000"
    }
  }
}

配置完成后,就可以在VS上方工具栏中的项目启动处选择启动项了

基于环境的 Startup

Startup类支持针对不同环境进行个性化配置,有三种方式:

1.将IWebHostEnvironment注入 Startup 类

通过将IWebHostEnvironment注入 Startup 类,然后在方法中使用条件判断书写不同环境下的代码。该方式适用于多环境下,代码差异较少的情况。

public class Startup
{
    public Startup(IConfiguration configuration, IWebHostEnvironment webHostEnvironment)
    {
        Configuration = configuration;
        WebHostEnvironment = webHostEnvironment;
    }

    public IConfiguration Configuration { get; }

    public IWebHostEnvironment WebHostEnvironment { get; }

    public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
    {
        if (WebHostEnvironment.IsDevelopment())
        {
            Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(ConfigureServices)}: {WebHostEnvironment.EnvironmentName}");
        }
        else if (WebHostEnvironment.IsTest())
        {
            Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(ConfigureServices)}: {WebHostEnvironment.EnvironmentName}");
        }
        else if (WebHostEnvironment.IsStaging())
        {
            Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(ConfigureServices)}: {WebHostEnvironment.EnvironmentName}");
        }
        else if (WebHostEnvironment.IsProduction())
        {
            Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(ConfigureServices)}: {WebHostEnvironment.EnvironmentName}");
        }
    }

    public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app)
    {
        if (WebHostEnvironment.IsDevelopment())
        {
            Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(Configure)}: {WebHostEnvironment.EnvironmentName}");
        }
        else if (WebHostEnvironment.IsTest())
        {
            Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(Configure)}: {WebHostEnvironment.EnvironmentName}");
        }
        else if (WebHostEnvironment.IsStaging())
        {
            Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(Configure)}: {WebHostEnvironment.EnvironmentName}");
        }
        else if (WebHostEnvironment.IsProduction())
        {
            Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(Configure)}: {WebHostEnvironment.EnvironmentName}");
        }
    }
}

public static class AppHostEnvironmentEnvExtensions
{
    public static bool IsTest(this IHostEnvironment hostEnvironment)
    {
        if (hostEnvironment == null)
        {
            throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(hostEnvironment));
        }

        return hostEnvironment.IsEnvironment(AppEnvironments.Test);
    }
}

public static class AppEnvironments
{
    public static readonly string Test = nameof(Test);
}

2.Startup 方法约定

上面的方式把不同环境的代码放在了同一个方法中,看起来比较混乱也不容易区分。因此我们希望ConfigureServicesConfigure能够根据不同的环境进行代码拆分。

我们可以通过方法命名约定来解决,约定Configure{EnvironmentName}ServicesConfigure{EnvironmentName}Services来装载不同环境的代码。如果当前环境没有对应的方法,则使用原来的ConfigureServicesConfigure方法。

我就只拿 Development 和 Production 举例了

public class Startup
{
    // 我这里注入 IWebHostEnvironment,仅仅是为了打印出来当前环境信息
    public Startup(IConfiguration configuration, IWebHostEnvironment webHostEnvironment)
    {
        Configuration = configuration;
        WebHostEnvironment = webHostEnvironment;
    }

    public IConfiguration Configuration { get; }

    public IWebHostEnvironment WebHostEnvironment { get; }

    #region ConfigureServices
    private void StartupConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(ConfigureServices)}: {WebHostEnvironment.EnvironmentName}");
    }

    public void ConfigureDevelopmentServices(IServiceCollection services)
    {
        StartupConfigureServices(services);
    }

    public void ConfigureProductionServices(IServiceCollection services)
    {
        StartupConfigureServices(services);
    }

    public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
    {
        StartupConfigureServices(services);
    }
    #endregion

    #region Configure
    private void StartupConfigure(IApplicationBuilder app)
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(Configure)}: {WebHostEnvironment.EnvironmentName}");
    }

    public void ConfigureDevelopment(IApplicationBuilder app)
    {
        StartupConfigure(app);
    }

    public void ConfigureProduction(IApplicationBuilder app)
    {
        StartupConfigure(app);
    }

    public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app)
    {
        StartupConfigure(app);
    } 
    #endregion
}

3.Startup 类约定

该方式适用于多环境下,代码差异较大的情况。

程序启动时,会优先寻找当前环境命名符合Startup{EnvironmentName}的 Startup 类,如果找不到,则使用名称为Startup的类

首先,CreateHostBuilder方法需要做一处修改

public static IHostBuilder CreateHostBuilder(string[] args) =>
    Host.CreateDefaultBuilder(args)
        .ConfigureWebHostDefaults(webBuilder =>
        {
            //webBuilder.UseStartup<Startup>();

            webBuilder.UseStartup(typeof(Startup).GetTypeInfo().Assembly.FullName);
        });

接下来,就是为各个环境定义 Startup 类了(我就只拿 Development 和 Production 举例了)

public class StartupDevelopment
{
    // 我这里注入 IWebHostEnvironment,仅仅是为了打印出来当前环境信息
    public StartupDevelopment(IConfiguration configuration, IWebHostEnvironment webHostEnvironment)
    {
        Configuration = configuration;
        WebHostEnvironment = webHostEnvironment;
    }

    public IConfiguration Configuration { get; }

    public IWebHostEnvironment WebHostEnvironment { get; }

    public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(ConfigureServices)}: {WebHostEnvironment.EnvironmentName}");
    }

    public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app)
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(Configure)}: {WebHostEnvironment.EnvironmentName}");
    }
}

public class StartupProduction
{
    public StartupProduction(IConfiguration configuration, IWebHostEnvironment webHostEnvironment)
    {
        Configuration = configuration;
        WebHostEnvironment = webHostEnvironment;
    }

    public IConfiguration Configuration { get; }

    public IWebHostEnvironment WebHostEnvironment { get; }

    public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(ConfigureServices)}: {WebHostEnvironment.EnvironmentName}");
    }

    public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app)
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(Configure)}: {WebHostEnvironment.EnvironmentName}");
    }
}

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