Flutter页面传值 Flutter页面传值的几种方式
wangfeng6075lv-1 人气:1今天来聊聊Flutter页面传值的几种方式:
- InheritWidget
- Notification
- Eventbus
(当前Flutter版本:2.0.4)
InheritWidget
如果看过Provider的源码的同学都知道,Provider跨组件传值的原理就是根据系统提供的InheritWidget实现的,让我们来看一下这个组件。
InheritWidget是一个抽象类,我们写一个保存用户信息的类UserInfoInheritWidget继承于InheritWidget:
class UserInfoInheritWidget extends InheritedWidget { UserInfoBean userInfoBean; UserInfoInheritWidget({Key key, this.userInfoBean, Widget child}) : super (child: child); static UserInfoWidget of(BuildContext context){ return context.dependOnInheritedWidgetOfExactType<UserInfoWidget>(); } @override bool updateShouldNotify(UserInfoInheritWidget oldWidget) { return oldWidget.userInfoBean != userInfoBean; } }
我们在这里面定义了一个静态方法:of,并且传入了一个context,根据context获取当前类,拿到当前类中的UserInfoBean,其实获取主题数据也是根据InheritWidget这种方式获取Theme.of(context),关于of方法后面重点讲一下,updateShouldNotify是刷新机制,什么时候刷新数据
还有一个用户信息的实体:
class UserInfoBean { String name; String address; UserInfoBean({this.name, this.address}); }
我们做两个页面,第一个页面显示用户信息,还有一个按钮,点击按钮跳转到第二个页面,同样也是显示用户信息:
class Page19PassByValue extends StatefulWidget { @override _Page19PassByValueState createState() => _Page19PassByValueState(); } class _Page19PassByValueState extends State<Page19PassByValue> { @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return Scaffold( appBar: AppBar( title: Text('PassByValue'), ), body: DefaultTextStyle( style: TextStyle(fontSize: 30, color: Colors.black), child: Column( children: [ Text(UserInfoWidget.of(context)!.userInfoBean.name), Text(UserInfoWidget.of(context)!.userInfoBean.address), SizedBox(height: 40), TextButton( child: Text('点击跳转'), onPressed: (){ Navigator.of(context).push(CupertinoPageRoute(builder: (context){ return DetailPage(); })); }, ) ], ), ), ); } }
class DetailPage extends StatefulWidget { @override _DetailPageState createState() => _DetailPageState(); } class _DetailPageState extends State<DetailPage> { @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return Scaffold( appBar: AppBar( title: Text('Detail'), ), body: DefaultTextStyle( style: TextStyle(fontSize: 30, color: Colors.black), child: Center( child: Column( children: [ Text(UserInfoWidget.of(context).userInfoBean.name), Text(UserInfoWidget.of(context).userInfoBean.address), TextButton( onPressed: () { setState(() { UserInfoWidget.of(context)!.updateBean('wf123','address123'); }); }, child: Text('点击修改')) ], ), ), ) ); } }
由于我们这里是跨组件传值,需要把UserInfoWidget放在MaterialApp的上层,并给UserInfoBean一个初始值:
class MyApp extends StatelessWidget { @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return UserInfoWidget( userInfoBean: UserInfoBean(name: 'wf', address: 'address'), child: MaterialApp( title: 'Flutter Demo', theme: ThemeData( primarySwatch: Colors.blue, visualDensity: VisualDensity.adaptivePlatformDensity, ), home: MyHomePage(title: 'Flutter Demo Home Page'), ), ); } }
这样就实现了一个跨组件传值,但是还有个问题,我们给UserInfoWidget赋值的时候是在最顶层,在真实业务场景中,如果我们把UserInfo的赋值放在MaterialApp上面,这时候我们还没拿到用户数据呢,所以就要有一个可以更新UserInfo的方法,并且修改后立即刷新,我们可以借助setState,把我们上面定义的UserInfoWidget改个名字然后封装在StatefulWidget 中:
class _UserInfoInheritWidget extends InheritedWidget { UserInfoBean userInfoBean; Function update; _UserInfoInheritWidget({Key key, this.userInfoBean, this.update, Widget child}) : super (child: child); updateBean(String name, String address){ update(name, address); } @override bool updateShouldNotify(_UserInfoInheritWidget oldWidget) { return oldWidget.userInfoBean != userInfoBean; } } class UserInfoWidget extends StatefulWidget { UserInfoBean userInfoBean; Widget child; UserInfoWidget({Key key, this.userInfoBean, this.child}) : super (key: key); static _UserInfoInheritWidget of(BuildContext context){ return context.dependOnInheritedWidgetOfExactType<_UserInfoInheritWidget>(); } @override State<StatefulWidget> createState() => _UserInfoState(); } class _UserInfoState extends State <UserInfoWidget> { _update(String name, String address){ UserInfoBean bean = UserInfoBean(name: name, address: address); widget.userInfoBean = bean; setState(() {}); } @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return _UserInfoInheritWidget( child: widget.child, userInfoBean: widget.userInfoBean, update: _update, ); } }
上面把继承自InheritWidget的类改了一个名字:_UserInfoInheritWidget,对外只暴露用StatefulWidget封装过的UserInfoWidget,向_UserInfoInheritWidget传入了包含setState的更新数据方法,更新数据的时候通过UserInfoWidget.of(context)获取到继承于InheritWidget的_UserInfoInheritWidget类,调用updateBean方法实际上就调用了包含setState的方法,所以做到了数据更新和页面刷新
下面重点说一下UserInfoWidget.of(context)是如何获取到继承于InheritWidget类的对象的,通过查看类似的方法:Theme.of(context)发现是根据dependOnInheritedWidgetOfExactType,于是我们也照着它的样子获取到了_UserInfoInheritWidget,点到dependOnInheritedWidgetOfExactType源码中看一下,发现跳转到了BuildContext中定义了这个方法:
T? dependOnInheritedWidgetOfExactType<T extends InheritedWidget>({ Object? aspect });
了解Widget、Element、RenderObject三只之间关系的同学都知道,其实context是Element的一个实例,BuildContext的注释也提到了这一点:
我们可以在Element中找到这个方法的实现:
@override T? dependOnInheritedWidgetOfExactType<T extends InheritedWidget>({Object? aspect}) { assert(_debugCheckStateIsActiveForAncestorLookup()); final InheritedElement? ancestor = _inheritedWidgets == null ? null : _inheritedWidgets![T]; if (ancestor != null) { assert(ancestor is InheritedElement); return dependOnInheritedElement(ancestor, aspect: aspect) as T; } _hadUnsatisfiedDependencies = true; return null; }
_inheritedWidgets是从哪来的,我们搜索一下在Element中发现
void _updateInheritance() { assert(_lifecycleState == _ElementLifecycle.active); _inheritedWidgets = _parent?._inheritedWidgets; }
再看一下_updateInheritance方法是什么时候调用的
@mustCallSuper void mount(Element? parent, dynamic newSlot) { ... ...省略无关代码 _parent = parent; _slot = newSlot; _lifecycleState = _ElementLifecycle.active; _depth = _parent != null ? _parent!.depth + 1 : 1; if (parent != null) // Only assign ownership if the parent is non-null _owner = parent.owner; final Key? key = widget.key; if (key is GlobalKey) { key._register(this); } _updateInheritance();//这里调用了一次 }
还有:
@mustCallSuper void activate() { ... ...已省略无关代码 final bool hadDependencies = (_dependencies != null && _dependencies!.isNotEmpty) || _hadUnsatisfiedDependencies; _lifecycleState = _ElementLifecycle.active; _dependencies?.clear(); _hadUnsatisfiedDependencies = false; _updateInheritance();//这里又调用了一次 if (_dirty) owner!.scheduleBuildFor(this); if (hadDependencies) didChangeDependencies(); }
从上面代码我们可以看到每个页面的Element都会通过_parent向下级传递父级信息,而我们的UserInfoWidget就保存在_parent中的_inheritedWidgets集合中:Map<Type, InheritedElement>? _inheritedWidgets;,当_inheritedWidgets在页面树中向下传递的时候,如果当前Widget是InheritWidget,在当前Widget对应的Element中先看_parent传过来的_inheritedWidgets是否为空,如果为空就新建一个集合,把自己存到这个集合中,以当前的类型作为key(这也是为什么调用of方法中的context.dependOnInheritedWidgetOfExactType方法为什么要传当前类型的原因),从_inheritedWidgets集合中去取值;如果不为空直接把自己存进去,这就是of的原理了。
Notification
上面讲的InheritWidget一般是根部组建向子级组件传值,Notification是从子级组件向父级组件传值,下面我们来看一下它的用法
class Page19PassByValue extends StatefulWidget { @override _Page19PassByValueState createState() => _Page19PassByValueState(); } class _Page19PassByValueState extends State<Page19PassByValue> { UserInfoBean userInfoBean = UserInfoBean(name: 'wf', address: 'address'); @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return Scaffold( appBar: AppBar( title: Text('PassByValue'), ), body: Center( child: NotificationListener<MyNotification>( onNotification: (MyNotification data) { userInfoBean = data.userInfoBean; setState(() {}); ///这里需要返回一个bool值,true表示阻止事件继续向上传递,false表示事件可以继续向上传递到父级组件 return true; }, child: Builder( ///这里用了一个Builder包装了一下,为的是能取到 ///NotificationListener的context builder: (context) { return Column( children: [ Text(userInfoBean.name), Text(userInfoBean.address), Container( child: FlatButton( child: Text('点击传值'), onPressed: () { MyNotification(userInfoBean: UserInfoBean(name: 'wf123', address: 'address123')).dispatch(context); }, ), ) ], ); }, ), ), ), ); } }
///Notification是一个抽象类, ///使用Notification需要自定义一个class继承Notification class MyNotification extends Notification { UserInfoBean userInfoBean; MyNotification({this.userInfoBean}) : super(); }
我们到源码中看一下这个dispatch方法:
void dispatch(BuildContext target) { // The `target` may be null if the subtree the notification is supposed to be // dispatched in is in the process of being disposed. target?.visitAncestorElements(visitAncestor); }
target就是我们传进来的context,也就是调用了BuildContext的visitAncestorElements方法,并且把visitAncestor方法作为一个参数传过去,visitAncestor方法返回一个bool值:
@protected @mustCallSuper bool visitAncestor(Element element) { if (element is StatelessElement) { final StatelessWidget widget = element.widget; if (widget is NotificationListener<Notification>) { if (widget._dispatch(this, element)) // that function checks the type dynamically return false; } } return true; }
我们进入Element内部看一下visitAncestorElements方法的实现:
@override void visitAncestorElements(bool visitor(Element element)) { assert(_debugCheckStateIsActiveForAncestorLookup()); Element? ancestor = _parent; while (ancestor != null && visitor(ancestor)) ancestor = ancestor._parent; }
当有父级节点,并且visitor方法返回true的时候执行while循环,visitor是Notification类传进来的方法,回过头再看visitor方法的实现,当Element向visitor方法传递的ancestor是NotificationListener类的情况下,再判断widget._dispatch方法,而widget._dispatch方法:
final NotificationListenerCallback<T>? onNotification; bool _dispatch(Notification notification, Element element) { if (onNotification != null && notification is T) { final bool result = onNotification!(notification); return result == true; // so that null and false have the same effect } return false; }
就是我们在外面写的onNotification方法的实现,我们在外面实现的onNotification方法返回true(即阻止事件继续向上传递),上面的while循环主要是为了执行我们onNotification里面的方法.
总结一下:MyNotification执行dispatch方法,传递context,根据当前context向父级查找对应NotificationListener,并且执行NotificationListener里面的onNotification方法,返回true,则事件不再向上级传递,如果返回false则事件继续向上一个NotificationListener传递,并执行里面对应的方法。Notification主要用在同一个页面中,子级向父级传值,比较轻量级,不过如果我们用了Provider可能就就直接借助Provider传值了。
Eventbus
Eventbus用于两个不同的页面,可以跨多级页面传值,用法也比较简单,我创建了一个EventBusUtil来创建一个单例
import 'package:event_bus/event_bus.dart';
class EventBusUtil { static EventBus ? _instance; static EventBus getInstance(){ if (_instance == null) { _instance = EventBus(); } return _instance!; } }
在第一个页面监听:
class Page19PassByValue extends StatefulWidget { @override _Page19PassByValueState createState() => _Page19PassByValueState(); } class _Page19PassByValueState extends State<Page19PassByValue> { UserInfoBean userInfoBean = UserInfoBean(name: 'wf', address: 'address'); @override void initState() { super.initState(); EventBusUtil.getInstance().on<UserInfoBean>().listen((event) { setState(() { userInfoBean = event; }); }); } @override void dispose() { super.dispose(); //不用的时候记得关闭 EventBusUtil.getInstance().destroy(); } @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return Scaffold( appBar: AppBar( title: Text('PassByValue'), ), body: Center( child: Column( mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center, children: [ Text(userInfoBean.name), Text(userInfoBean.address), TextButton(onPressed: (){ Navigator.of(context).push(CupertinoPageRoute(builder: (_){ return EventBusDetailPage(); })); }, child: Text('点击跳转')) ], ), ), ); } }
在第二个页面发送事件:
class EventBusDetailPage extends StatefulWidget { @override _EventBusDetailPageState createState() => _EventBusDetailPageState(); } class _EventBusDetailPageState extends State<EventBusDetailPage> { @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return Scaffold( appBar: AppBar( title: Text('EventBusDetail'), ), body: Center( child: TextButton(onPressed: (){ EventBusUtil.getInstance().fire(UserInfoBean(name: 'name EventBus', address: 'address EventBus')); }, child: Text('点击传值')), ), ); } }
我们看一下EventBus的源码,发现只有几十行代码,他的内部是创建了一个StreamController,通过StreamController来实现跨组件传值,我们也可以直接使用一下这个StreamController实现页面传值:
class Page19PassByValue extends StatefulWidget { @override _Page19PassByValueState createState() => _Page19PassByValueState(); } StreamController controller = StreamController(); class _Page19PassByValueState extends State<Page19PassByValue> { //设置一个初始值 UserInfoBean userInfoBean = UserInfoBean(name: 'wf', address: 'address'); @override void initState() { super.initState(); controller.stream.listen((event) { setState(() { userInfoBean = event; }); }); } @override void dispose() { super.dispose(); //页面销毁的时候记得关闭 controller.close(); } @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return Scaffold( appBar: AppBar( title: Text('PassByValue'), ), body: Center( child: Column( mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center, children: [ Text(userInfoBean.name), Text(userInfoBean.address), TextButton(onPressed: (){ Navigator.of(context).push(CupertinoPageRoute(builder: (_){ return MyStreamControllerDetail(); })); }, child: Text('点击跳转')) ], ), ) ); } }
class MyStreamControllerDetail extends StatefulWidget { @override State<StatefulWidget> createState() { return _MyStreamControllerDetailState(); } } class _MyStreamControllerDetailState extends State <MyStreamControllerDetail> { @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return Scaffold( appBar: AppBar( title: Text('StreamController'), ), body: Center( child: TextButton(onPressed: (){ //返回上个页面,会发现页面的数据已经变了 controller.sink.add(UserInfoBean(name: 'StreamController pass name: 123', address: 'StreamController pass address 123')); }, child: Text('点击传值'),), ), ); } }
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