曹工杂谈--只用一个命令，centos系统里装了啥软件，啥时候装的，全都清清楚楚

时间:2020-04-27 三国梦回人气:1

# 前言一直以来，对linux的掌握就是半桶水的状态，经常yum装个东西，结果依赖一堆东西；然后再用源码装个东西，只知道make、make install，背后干了啥也不清楚了，卸载也不方便。这几天工作需要，在写脚本，总算更加清晰了一些。因为这次的主要工作是，redis、mysql等各种基础服务的shell脚本一键安装及启动等，所以我们需要把rpm包下载下来，所以下面有一些相关的内容。首先大家要知道，linux下（以centos举例，现在服务端基本都用这个）安装基本三种方式： 1. 源码安装，make, configure, make & install 2. rpm包安装 3. yum安装，在rpm基础上封装了一层，帮我们自己解决依赖问题，最终还是rpm安装所以，基本就两种，rpm安装和源码安装。 # 授人以鱼不如授人以渔以下部分内容，来自于查看man这个命令。在xshell、secureCRT这些终端中，我发现，每次去man xxx查看说明，再切出来执行命令；然后过一会又忘了。真的很麻烦，于是，我找到了下面这个在线网站，真的很棒。直接在里面搜索就可以了，然后就可以一边看，一边在终端里愉快地敲敲敲了。 # 查询仓库中，有什么版本的组件可以安装 ## 开启某个仓库的情况下yum下载这次安装redis时，用了第三方repo，这个repo默认是disable的，所以是在执行命令时，加了enablerepo选项。 ```shell yum --enablerepo=remi install redis ``` ##查看方式1 ```shell [root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum list available |grep mysql-community-client.x86_64 mysql-community-client.x86_64 5.7.29-1.el7 mysql57-community ``` ## 查看方式2 ```shell [root@localhost rpm]# yum info gdb Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.aliyuncs.com * extras: mirrors.aliyuncs.com * updates: mirrors.aliyuncs.com Available Packages Name : gdb Arch : x86_64 Version : 7.6.1 Release : 115.el7 Size : 2.4 M Repo : base/7/x86_64 Summary : A GNU source-level debugger for C, C++, Fortran, Go and other languages ... ``` 下面这个命令可以证实，我们是没有安装的： ```shell [root@localhost rpm]# rpm -qa -last |grep gdb [root@localhost rpm]# gdb -bash: gdb: command not found ``` 如果查看一个已经安装了的： ```shell [root@localhost redis]#yum info redis Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * updates: mirrors.huaweicloud.com Installed Packages Name : redis Arch : x86_64 Version : 5.0.9 Release : 1.el7.remi Size : 3.0 M Repo : installed ``` 最后一行可以看到，状态是已安装。 ## 下载依赖的rpm 因为我们要做一键安装、运行，肯定不能依靠于网络，得先把rpm下载下来。然后大家知道，有个rpm，比如gcc，自己就依赖了一堆，难道一个一个去下吗，那效率太低了。试试下面的命令： ```shell yum install --downloadonly --downloaddir=/root/mypackage/ tcpdump yum install --downloadonly --downloaddir=/root/mypackage/ lrzsz ``` 主要参考了，表示感谢： [Yum自动下载RPM包及其所有依赖的包](https://www.cnblogs.com/guigujun/p/7868748.html) # 怎么对自己的linux机器，心里有数那肯定是需要知道，装了哪些软件，啥时候装的。就下面这个命令就可以了，其中的--last选项，是man rpm中看到的。 ```shell --last Orders the package listing by install time such that the latest packages are at the top. [root@localhost rpm]# rpm -qa --last lsof-4.87-6.el7.x86_64 Mon 27 Apr 2020 01:06:33 PM CST mysql-community-server-5.7.27-1.el7.x86_64 Mon 27 Apr 2020 11:27:23 AM CST net-tools-2.0-0.25.20131004git.el7.x86_64 Mon 27 Apr 2020 11:27:03 AM CST mysql-community-client-5.7.27-1.el7.x86_64 Mon 27 Apr 2020 11:27:03 AM CST mysql-community-libs-5.7.27-1.el7.x86_64 Mon 27 Apr 2020 11:27:00 AM CST mysql-community-common-5.7.27-1.el7.x86_64 Mon 27 Apr 2020 11:27:00 AM CST mysql80-community-release-el7-3.noarch Fri 24 Apr 2020 05:33:14 PM CST lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64 Fri 24 Apr 2020 05:32:56 PM CST yum-3.4.3-163.el7.centos.noarch Fri 24 Apr 2020 09:24:24 AM CST vim-enhanced-7.4.629-6.el7.x86_64 Thu 23 Apr 2020 10:37:44 AM CST vim-common-7.4.629-6.el7.x86_64 Thu 23 Apr 2020 10:37:44 AM CST vim-filesystem-7.4.629-6.el7.x86_64 Thu 23 Apr 2020 10:37:42 AM CST perl-5.16.3-294.el7_6.x86_64 Thu 23 Apr 2020 10:37:42 AM CST gpm-libs-1.20.7-6.el7.x86_64 Thu 23 Apr 2020 10:37:42 AM CST perl-Pod-Simple-3.28-4.el7.noarch Thu 23 Apr 2020 10:37:41 AM CST perl-Getopt-Long-2.40-3.el7.noarch Thu 23 Apr 2020 10:37:41 AM CST ... ``` 这个基本就知道，这个命令啥时候装的了，如果是那种装个gcc，顺带装一堆的，安装时间都是一样的。 # 查看一个已安装的rpm包的额外信息以下命令中，前面都放了-i xxx这样的选项，这个选项来自于man rpm。 ##查询一个已经安装的包： ```shell [root@localhost rpm]# rpm -q mysql-community-server mysql-community-server-5.7.27-1.el7.x86_64 [root@localhost rpm]# rpm -q mysql-community-server-5.7.27 mysql-community-server-5.7.27-1.el7.x86_64 #如果查不到，会打印相应信息 [root@localhost rpm]# rpm -q mysql-community-server-5.7.27xx package mysql-community-server-5.7.27xx is not installed ``` ## 查看配置文件信息 ```shell Package Query Options: -c, --configfiles List only configuration files (implies -l). [root@localhost rpm]# rpm -q mysql-community-server -c /etc/logrotate.d/mysql /etc/my.cnf ``` ## 查看文档信息，包括man帮助文档 ```shell -d, --docfiles List only documentation files (implies -l). [root@localhost rpm]# rpm -q mysql-community-server -d /usr/sharehttps://img.qb5200.com/download-x/doc/mysql-community-server-5.7.27/COPYING ... /usr/share/man/man8/mysqld.8.gz ``` ## 列出内部的全部文件 ```shell --filesbypkg List all the files in each selected package. [root@localhost rpm]# rpm -q mysql-community-server --filesbypkg mysql-community-server /etc/logrotate.d/mysql mysql-community-server /etc/my.cnf mysql-community-server /etc/my.cnf.d ``` ## 查看包的信息，包括安装时间 ```shell -i, --info Display package information, including name, version, and description. This uses the --queryformat if one was specified. [root@localhost rpm]# rpm -q mysql-community-server -i Name : mysql-community-server Version : 5.7.27 Release : 1.el7 Architecture: x86_64 Install Date: Mon 27 Apr 2020 11:27:23 AM CST ... ``` ## 查看全部包，根据安装日期倒序排列 ```shell --last Orders the package listing by install time such that the latest packages are at the top. [root@localhost rpm]# rpm -qa --last lsof-4.87-6.el7.x86_64 Mon 27 Apr 2020 01:06:33 PM CST mysql-community-server-5.7.27-1.el7.x86_64 Mon 27 Apr 2020 11:27:23 AM CST net-tools-2.0-0.25.20131004git.el7.x86_64 Mon 27 Apr 2020 11:27:03 AM CST mysql-community-client-5.7.27-1.el7.x86_64 Mon 27 Apr 2020 11:27:03 AM CST mysql-community-libs-5.7.27-1.el7.x86_64 Mon 27 Apr 2020 11:27:00 AM CST mysql-community-common-5.7.27-1.el7.x86_64 Mon 27 Apr 2020 11:27:00 AM CST mysql80-community-release-el7-3.noarch Fri 24 Apr 2020 05:33:14 PM CST lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64 Fri 24 Apr 2020 05:32:56 PM CST yum-3.4.3-163.el7.centos.noarch Fri 24 Apr 2020 09:24:24 AM CST vim-enhanced-7.4.629-6.el7.x86_64 Thu 23 Apr 2020 10:37:44 AM CST vim-common-7.4.629-6.el7.x86_64 Thu 23 Apr 2020 10:37:44 AM CST vim-filesystem-7.4.629-6.el7.x86_64 Thu 23 Apr 2020 10:37:42 AM CST perl-5.16.3-294.el7_6.x86_64 Thu 23 Apr 2020 10:37:42 AM CST gpm-libs-1.20.7-6.el7.x86_64 Thu 23 Apr 2020 10:37:42 AM CST perl-Pod-Simple-3.28-4.el7.noarch Thu 23 Apr 2020 10:37:41 AM CST perl-Getopt-Long-2.40-3.el7.noarch Thu 23 Apr 2020 10:37:41 AM CST ... ``` ## 查看指定包，要依赖的东西 ```shell -R, --requires List capabilities on which this package depends. [root@localhost rpm]# rpm -q mysql-community-server -R /bin/bash /bin/sh /bin/sh /bin/sh /bin/sh /usr/bin/perl config(mysql-community-server) = 5.7.27-1.el7 coreutils grep ld-linux-x86-64.so.2()(64bit) ld-linux-x86-64.so.2(GLIBC_2.3)(64bit) ... ``` ## 查看指定包的一些安装卸载过程中的脚本 ```shell --scripts List the package specific scriptlet(s) that are used as part of the installation and uninstallation processes. [root@localhost rpm]# rpm -q mysql-community-server --scripts preinstall scriptlet (using /bin/sh): /usr/sbin/groupadd -g 27 -o -r mysql >https://img.qb5200.com/download-x/dev/null 2>&1 || : /usr/sbin/useradd -M -N -g mysql -o -r -d /var/lib/mysql -s /bin/false \ -c "MySQL Server" -u 27 mysql >https://img.qb5200.com/download-x/dev/null 2>&1 || : postinstall scriptlet (using /bin/sh): [ -e /var/log/mysqld.log ] || install -m0640 -omysql -gmysql https://img.qb5200.com/download-x/dev/null /var/log/mysqld.log >https://img.qb5200.com/download-x/dev/null 2>&1 || : if [ $1 -eq 1 ] ; then # Initial installation systemctl preset mysqld.service >https://img.qb5200.com/download-x/dev/null 2>&1 || : fi /usr/bin/systemctl enable mysqld >https://img.qb5200.com/download-x/dev/null 2>&1 || : preuninstall scriptlet (using /bin/sh): if [ $1 -eq 0 ] ; then # Package removal, not upgrade systemctl --no-reload disable mysqld.service > https://img.qb5200.com/download-x/dev/null 2>&1 || : systemctl stop mysqld.service > https://img.qb5200.com/download-x/dev/null 2>&1 || : fi postuninstall scriptlet (using /bin/sh): systemctl daemon-reload >https://img.qb5200.com/download-x/dev/null 2>&1 || : if [ $1 -ge 1 ] ; then # Package upgrade, not uninstall systemctl try-restart mysqld.service >https://img.qb5200.com/download-x/dev/null 2>&1 || : fi ``` # 总结写了一部分，就当一个简单的记录，后面持续更新

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