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Spring Boot thymeleaf模板引擎 Spring Boot thymeleaf模板引擎的使用详解

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在早期开发的时候,我们完成的都是静态页面也就是html页面,随着时间轴的发展,慢慢的引入了jsp页面,当在后端服务查询到数据之后可以转发到jsp页面,可以轻松的使用jsp页面来实现数据的显示及交互,jsp有非常强大的功能,但是,在使用springboot的时候,整个项目是以jar包的方式运行而不是war包,而且还嵌入了tomcat容器,因此,在默认情况下是不支持jsp页面的。如果直接以纯静态页面的方式会给我们的开发带来很大的麻烦,springboot推荐使用模板引擎。

模板引擎有很多种,jsp,freemarker,thymeleaf,模板引擎的作用就是我们来写一个页面模板,比如有些值呢,是动态的,我们写一些表达式。而这些值,从哪来呢,我们来组装一些数据,我们把这些数据找到。然后把这个模板和这个数据交给我们模板引擎,模板引擎按照我们这个数据帮你把这表达式解析、填充到我们指定的位置,然后把这个数据最终生成一个我们想要的内容给我们写出去,这就是我们这个模板引擎,不管是jsp还是其他模板引擎,都是这个思想。只不过不同的模板引擎语法不同而已,下面重点学习下springboot推荐使用的thymeleaf模板引擎,语法简单且功能强大

1、thymeleaf的介绍

官网地址:https://www.thymeleaf.org/

thymeleaf在github的地址:https://github.com/thymeleaf/thymeleaf

中文网站:https://raledong.gitbooks.io/using-thymeleaf/content/

导入依赖:

 <!--thymeleaf模板-->
  <dependency>
   <groupId>org.thymeleaf</groupId>
   <artifactId>thymeleaf-spring5</artifactId>
  </dependency>
  <dependency>
   <groupId>org.thymeleaf.extras</groupId>
   <artifactId>thymeleaf-extras-java8time</artifactId>
  </dependency>

在springboot中有专门的thymeleaf配置类:ThymeleafProperties

@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "spring.thymeleaf")
public class ThymeleafProperties {
	private static final Charset DEFAULT_ENCODING = StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
	public static final String DEFAULT_PREFIX = "classpath:/templates/";
	public static final String DEFAULT_SUFFIX = ".html";
	/**
	 * Whether to check that the template exists before rendering it.
	 */
	private boolean checkTemplate = true;
	/**
	 * Whether to check that the templates location exists.
	 */
	private boolean checkTemplateLocation = true;
	/**
	 * Prefix that gets prepended to view names when building a URL.
	 */
	private String prefix = DEFAULT_PREFIX;
	/**
	 * Suffix that gets appended to view names when building a URL.
	 */
	private String suffix = DEFAULT_SUFFIX;
	/**
	 * Template mode to be applied to templates. See also Thymeleaf's TemplateMode enum.
	 */
	private String mode = "HTML";
	/**
	 * Template files encoding.
	 */
	private Charset encoding = DEFAULT_ENCODING;
	/**
	 * Whether to enable template caching.
	 */
	private boolean cache = true;

2、thymeleaf使用模板

在java代码中写入如下代码:

@RequestMapping("/hello")
 public String hello(Model model){
  model.addAttribute("msg","Hello");
  //classpath:/templates/hello.html
  return "hello";
 }

html页面中写入如下代码:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<body>
<h1>Hello</h1>
<div th:text="${msg}"></div>
</body>
</html>

3、thymeleaf的表达式语法

Simple expressions:
	Variable Expressions: ${...}
	Selection Variable Expressions: *{...}
	Message Expressions: #{...}
	Link URL Expressions: @{...}
	Fragment Expressions: ~{...}
Literals
	Text literals: 'one text', 'Another one!',…
	Number literals: 0, 34, 3.0, 12.3,…
	Boolean literals: true, false
	Null literal: null
	Literal tokens: one, sometext, main,…
Text operations:
	String concatenation: +
	Literal substitutions: |The name is ${name}|
Arithmetic operations:
	Binary operators: +, -, *, /, %
	Minus sign (unary operator): -
	Boolean operations:
	Binary operators: and, or
	Boolean negation (unary operator): !, not
Comparisons and equality:
	Comparators: >, <, >=, <= (gt, lt, ge, le)
	Equality operators: ==, != (eq, ne)
	Conditional operators:
	If-then: (if) ? (then)
	If-then-else: (if) ? (then) : (else)
	Default: (value) ?: (defaultvalue)
Special tokens:
	No-Operation: _

4、thymeleaf实例演示

1、th的常用属性值

​一、th:text :设置当前元素的文本内容,相同功能的还有th:utext,两者的区别在于前者不会转义html标签,后者会。优先级不高:order=7

​二、th:value:设置当前元素的value值,类似修改指定属性的还有th:src,th:href。优先级不高:order=6

​三、th:each:遍历循环元素,和th:text或th:value一起使用。注意该属性修饰的标签位置,详细往后看。优先级很高:order=2

​四、th:if:条件判断,类似的还有th:unless,th:switch,th:case。优先级较高:order=3

​五、th:insert:代码块引入,类似的还有th:replace,th:include,三者的区别较大,若使用不恰当会破坏html结构,常用于公共代码块提取的场景。优先级最高:order=1

​六、th:fragment:定义代码块,方便被th:insert引用。优先级最低:order=8

​七、th:object:声明变量,一般和*{}一起配合使用,达到偷懒的效果。优先级一般:order=4

​八、th:attr:修改任意属性,实际开发中用的较少,因为有丰富的其他th属性帮忙,类似的还有th:attrappend,th:attrprepend。优先级一般:order=5

thymeleaf.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
 <meta charset="UTF-8">
 <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
 <p th:text="${thText}"></p>
 <p th:utext="${thUText}"></p>
 <input type="text" th:value="${thValue}">
 <div th:each="message:${thEach}">
  <p th:text="${message}"></p>
 </div>
 <div>
  <p th:text="${message}" th:each="message:${thEach}"></p>
 </div>
 <p th:text="${thIf}" th:if="${not #strings.isEmpty(thIf)}"></p>
 <div th:object="${thObject}">
  <p>name:<span th:text="*{name}"/></p>
  <p>age:<span th:text="*{age}"/></p>
  <p>gender:<span th:text="*{gender}"/></p>
 </div>

</body>
</html>

ThymeleafController.java

import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.ui.ModelMap;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;

@Controller
public class ThymeleafController {

 @RequestMapping("thymeleaf")
 public String thymeleaf(ModelMap map){

  map.put("thText","th:text设置文本内容 <b>加粗</b>");
  map.put("thUText","th:utext 设置文本内容 <b>加粗</b>");
  map.put("thValue","thValue 设置当前元素的value值");
  map.put("thEach","Arrays.asList(\"th:each\", \"遍历列表\")");
  map.put("thIf","msg is not null");
  map.put("thObject",new Person("zhangsan",12,"男"));
  return "thymeleaf";
 }
}

2、标准表达式语法

​${...} 变量表达式,Variable Expressions

​*{...} 选择变量表达式,Selection Variable Expressions

​一、可以获取对象的属性和方法

​二、可以使用ctx,vars,locale,request,response,session,servletContext内置对象

session.setAttribute("user","zhangsan");
th:text="${session.user}"

​三、可以使用dates,numbers,strings,objects,arrays,lists,sets,maps等内置方法

standardExpression.html

<!--
一、strings:字符串格式化方法,常用的Java方法它都有。比如:equals,equalsIgnoreCase,length,trim,toUpperCase,toLowerCase,indexOf,substring,replace,startsWith,endsWith,contains,containsIgnoreCase等

二、numbers:数值格式化方法,常用的方法有:formatDecimal等

三、bools:布尔方法,常用的方法有:isTrue,isFalse等

四、arrays:数组方法,常用的方法有:toArray,length,isEmpty,contains,containsAll等

五、lists,sets:集合方法,常用的方法有:toList,size,isEmpty,contains,containsAll,sort等

六、maps:对象方法,常用的方法有:size,isEmpty,containsKey,containsValue等

七、dates:日期方法,常用的方法有:format,year,month,hour,createNow等
-->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
 <meta charset="UTF-8">
 <title>thymeleaf内置方法</title>
</head>
<body>
 <h3>#strings </h3>
 <div th:if="${not #strings.isEmpty(Str)}" >
  <p>Old Str : <span th:text="${Str}"/></p>
  <p>toUpperCase : <span th:text="${#strings.toUpperCase(Str)}"/></p>
  <p>toLowerCase : <span th:text="${#strings.toLowerCase(Str)}"/></p>
  <p>equals : <span th:text="${#strings.equals(Str, 'blog')}"/></p>
  <p>equalsIgnoreCase : <span th:text="${#strings.equalsIgnoreCase(Str, 'blog')}"/></p>
  <p>indexOf : <span th:text="${#strings.indexOf(Str, 'r')}"/></p>
  <p>substring : <span th:text="${#strings.substring(Str, 2, 4)}"/></p>
  <p>replace : <span th:text="${#strings.replace(Str, 'it', 'IT')}"/></p>
  <p>startsWith : <span th:text="${#strings.startsWith(Str, 'it')}"/></p>
  <p>contains : <span th:text="${#strings.contains(Str, 'IT')}"/></p>
 </div>
 <h3>#numbers </h3>
 <div>
  <p>formatDecimal 整数部分随意,小数点后保留两位,四舍五入: <span th:text="${#numbers.formatDecimal(Num, 0, 2)}"/></p>
  <p>formatDecimal 整数部分保留五位数,小数点后保留两位,四舍五入: <span th:text="${#numbers.formatDecimal(Num, 5, 2)}"/></p>
 </div>

 <h3>#bools </h3>
 <div th:if="${#bools.isTrue(Bool)}">
  <p th:text="${Bool}"></p>
 </div>

 <h3>#arrays </h3>
 <div th:if="${not #arrays.isEmpty(Array)}">
  <p>length : <span th:text="${#arrays.length(Array)}"/></p>
  <p>contains : <span th:text="${#arrays.contains(Array,2)}"/></p>
  <p>containsAll : <span th:text="${#arrays.containsAll(Array, Array)}"/></p>
 </div>
 <h3>#lists </h3>
 <div th:if="${not #lists.isEmpty(List)}">
  <p>size : <span th:text="${#lists.size(List)}"/></p>
  <p>contains : <span th:text="${#lists.contains(List, 0)}"/></p>
  <p>sort : <span th:text="${#lists.sort(List)}"/></p>
 </div>
 <h3>#maps </h3>
 <div th:if="${not #maps.isEmpty(hashMap)}">
  <p>size : <span th:text="${#maps.size(hashMap)}"/></p>
  <p>containsKey : <span th:text="${#maps.containsKey(hashMap, 'thName')}"/></p>
  <p>containsValue : <span th:text="${#maps.containsValue(hashMap, '#maps')}"/></p>
 </div>
 <h3>#dates </h3>
 <div>
  <p>format : <span th:text="${#dates.format(Date)}"/></p>
  <p>custom format : <span th:text="${#dates.format(Date, 'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss')}"/></p>
  <p>day : <span th:text="${#dates.day(Date)}"/></p>
  <p>month : <span th:text="${#dates.month(Date)}"/></p>
  <p>monthName : <span th:text="${#dates.monthName(Date)}"/></p>
  <p>year : <span th:text="${#dates.year(Date)}"/></p>
  <p>dayOfWeekName : <span th:text="${#dates.dayOfWeekName(Date)}"/></p>
  <p>hour : <span th:text="${#dates.hour(Date)}"/></p>
  <p>minute : <span th:text="${#dates.minute(Date)}"/></p>
  <p>second : <span th:text="${#dates.second(Date)}"/></p>
  <p>createNow : <span th:text="${#dates.createNow()}"/></p>
 </div>
</body>
</html>

ThymeleafController.java

@RequestMapping("standardExpression")
 public String standardExpression(ModelMap map){
  map.put("Str", "Blog");
  map.put("Bool", true);
  map.put("Array", new Integer[]{1,2,3,4});
  map.put("List", Arrays.asList(1,3,2,4,0));
  Map hashMap = new HashMap();
  hashMap.put("thName", "${#...}");
  hashMap.put("desc", "变量表达式内置方法");
  map.put("Map", hashMap);
  map.put("Date", new Date());
  map.put("Num", 888.888D);
  return "standardExpression";
 }

​@{...} 链接表达式,Link URL Expressions

<!--
不管是静态资源的引用,form表单的请求,凡是链接都可以用@{...} 。这样可以动态获取项目路径,即便项目名变了,依然可以正常访问
链接表达式结构
无参:@{/xxx}
有参:@{/xxx(k1=v1,k2=v2)} 对应url结构:xxx?k1=v1&k2=v2
引入本地资源:@{/项目本地的资源路径}
引入外部资源:@{/webjars/资源在jar包中的路径}
-->
<link th:href="@{/webjars/bootstrap/4.0.0/css/bootstrap.css}" rel="external nofollow" rel="stylesheet">
<link th:href="@{/main/css/123.css}" rel="external nofollow" rel="stylesheet">
<form class="form-login" th:action="@{/user/login}" th:method="post" >
<a class="btn btn-sm" th:href="@{/login.html(l='zh_CN')}" rel="external nofollow" >中文</a>
<a class="btn btn-sm" th:href="@{/login.html(l='en_US')}" rel="external nofollow" >English</a>

​#{...} 消息表达式,Message Expressions

<!-- 
消息表达式一般用于国际化的场景。结构:th:text="#{msg}"
-->

​~{...} 代码块表达式,Fragment Expressions

fragment.html

<!--
支持两种语法结构
推荐:~{templatename::fragmentname}
支持:~{templatename::#id}
templatename:模版名,Thymeleaf会根据模版名解析完整路:/resources/templates/templatename.html,要注意文件的路径。
fragmentname:片段名,Thymeleaf通过th:fragment声明定义代码块,即:th:fragment="fragmentname"
id:HTML的id选择器,使用时要在前面加上#号,不支持class选择器。

代码块表达式的使用
代码块表达式需要配合th属性(th:insert,th:replace,th:include)一起使用。
th:insert:将代码块片段整个插入到使用了th:insert的HTML标签中,
th:replace:将代码块片段整个替换使用了th:replace的HTML标签中,
th:include:将代码块片段包含的内容插入到使用了th:include的HTML标签中,
-->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
 <meta charset="UTF-8">
 <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<!--th:fragment定义代码块标识-->
<footer th:fragment="copy">
 2019 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery
</footer>

<!--三种不同的引入方式-->
<div th:insert="fragment::copy"></div>
<div th:replace="fragment::copy"></div>
<div th:include="fragment::copy"></div>

<!--th:insert是在div中插入代码块,即多了一层div-->
<div>
 <footer>
  © 2011 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery
 </footer>
</div>
<!--th:replace是将代码块代替当前div,其html结构和之前一致-->
<footer>
 © 2011 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery
</footer>
<!--th:include是将代码块footer的内容插入到div中,即少了一层footer-->
<div>
 © 2011 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery
</div>
</body>
</html>

5、国际化的配置

​在很多应用场景下,我们需要实现页面的国际化,springboot对国际化有很好的支持, 下面来演示对应的效果。

1、在idea中设置统一的编码格式,file->settings->Editors->File Encoding,选择编码格式为utf-8

2、在resources资源文件下创建一个i8n的目录,创建一个login.properties的文件,还有login_zh_CN.properties,idea会自动识别国际化操作

3、创建三个不同的文件,名称分别是:login.properties,login_en_US.properties,login_zh_CN.properties

内容如下:

#login.properties
login.password=密码1
login.remmber=记住我1
login.sign=登录1
login.username=用户名1
#login_en_US.properties
login.password=Password
login.remmber=Remember Me
login.sign=Sign In
login.username=Username
#login_zh_CN.properties
login.password=密码~
login.remmber=记住我~
login.sign=登录~
login.username=用户名~

4、配置国际化的资源路径

spring:
 messages:
 basename: i18n/login

5、编写html页面

初始html页面
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
 <head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
  <title>Title</title>
 </head>
 <body>
  <form action="" method="post">

   <label >Username</label>
   <input type="text" name="username" placeholder="Username" >
   <label >Password</label>
   <input type="password" name="password" placeholder="Password" >
   <br> <br>
   <div>
    <label>
     <input type="checkbox" value="remember-me"/> Remember Me
    </label>
   </div>
   <br>
   <button type="submit">Sign in</button>
   <br> <br>
   <a>中文</a>
   <a>English</a>
  </form>
 </body>
</html>

修改后的页面
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
 <head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
  <title>Title</title>
 </head>
 <body>
  <form action="" method="post">
   <label th:text="#{login.username}">Username</label>
   <input type="text" name="username" placeholder="Username" th:placeholder="#{login.username}">
   <label th:text="#{login.password}">Password</label>
   <input type="password" name="password" placeholder="Password" th:placeholder="#{login.password}">
   <br> <br>
   <div>
    <label>
     <input type="checkbox" value="remember-me"/> [[#{login.remmber}]]
    </label>
   </div>
   <br>
   <button type="submit" th:text="#{login.sign}">Sign in</button>
   <br> <br>
   <a>中文</a>
   <a>English</a>
  </form>
 </body>
</html>

可以看到通过浏览器的切换语言已经能够实现,想要通过超链接实现的话,如下所示:

添加WebMVCConfig.java代码

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.LocaleResolver;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.ViewControllerRegistry;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.WebMvcConfigurer;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.util.Locale;

@Configuration
public class WebMVCConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer {

 @Override
 public void addViewControllers(ViewControllerRegistry registry) {
  registry.addViewController("/").setViewName("login");
  registry.addViewController("/login.html").setViewName("login");
 }

 @Bean
 public LocaleResolver localeResolver(){
  return new NativeLocaleResolver();
 }

 protected static class NativeLocaleResolver implements LocaleResolver{

  @Override
  public Locale resolveLocale(HttpServletRequest request) {
   String language = request.getParameter("language");
   Locale locale = Locale.getDefault();
   if(!StringUtils.isEmpty(language)){
    String[] split = language.split("_");
    locale = new Locale(split[0],split[1]);
   }
   return locale;
  }

  @Override
  public void setLocale(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Locale locale) {

  }
 }
}

login.html页面修改为:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
 <meta charset="UTF-8"/>
 <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="" method="post">
 <label th:text="#{login.username}">Username</label>
 <input type="text" name="username" placeholder="Username" th:placeholder="#{login.username}">
 <label th:text="#{login.password}">Password</label>
 <input type="password" name="password" placeholder="Password" th:placeholder="#{login.password}">
 <br> <br>
 <div>
  <label>
   <input type="checkbox" value="remember-me"/> [[#{login.remmber}]]
  </label>
 </div>
 <br>
 <button type="submit" th:text="#{login.sign}">Sign in</button>
 <br> <br>
 <a th:href="@{/login.html(language='zh_CN')}" rel="external nofollow" >中文</a>
 <a th:href="@{/login.html(language='en_US')}" rel="external nofollow" >English</a>
</form>
</body>
</html>

国际化的源码解释:

//MessageSourceAutoConfiguration 
public class MessageSourceAutoConfiguration {
 private static final Resource[] NO_RESOURCES = new Resource[0];

 public MessageSourceAutoConfiguration() {
 }

 @Bean
 @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "spring.messages") //我们的配置文件可以直接放在类路径下叫: messages.properties, 就可以进行国际化操作了
 public MessageSourceProperties messageSourceProperties() {
  return new MessageSourceProperties();
 }

 @Bean
 public MessageSource messageSource(MessageSourceProperties properties) {
  ResourceBundleMessageSource messageSource = new ResourceBundleMessageSource();
  if (StringUtils.hasText(properties.getBasename())) {
        //设置国际化文件的基础名(去掉语言国家代码的)
   messageSource.setBasenames(StringUtils.commaDelimitedListToStringArray(StringUtils.trimAllWhitespace(properties.getBasename())));
  }

  if (properties.getEncoding() != null) {
   messageSource.setDefaultEncoding(properties.getEncoding().name());
  }

  messageSource.setFallbackToSystemLocale(properties.isFallbackToSystemLocale());
  Duration cacheDuration = properties.getCacheDuration();
  if (cacheDuration != null) {
   messageSource.setCacheMillis(cacheDuration.toMillis());
  }

  messageSource.setAlwaysUseMessageFormat(properties.isAlwaysUseMessageFormat());
  messageSource.setUseCodeAsDefaultMessage(properties.isUseCodeAsDefaultMessage());
  return messageSource;
 }
}


//WebMvcAutoConfiguration
		@Bean
		@ConditionalOnMissingBean
		@ConditionalOnProperty(prefix = "spring.mvc", name = "locale")
		public LocaleResolver localeResolver() {
			if (this.mvcProperties.getLocaleResolver() == WebMvcProperties.LocaleResolver.FIXED) {
				return new FixedLocaleResolver(this.mvcProperties.getLocale());
			}
			AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver localeResolver = new AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver();
			localeResolver.setDefaultLocale(this.mvcProperties.getLocale());
			return localeResolver;
		}

//AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver
	@Override
	public Locale resolveLocale(HttpServletRequest request) {
		Locale defaultLocale = getDefaultLocale();
		if (defaultLocale != null && request.getHeader("Accept-Language") == null) {
			return defaultLocale;
		}
		Locale requestLocale = request.getLocale();
		List<Locale> supportedLocales = getSupportedLocales();
		if (supportedLocales.isEmpty() || supportedLocales.contains(requestLocale)) {
			return requestLocale;
		}
		Locale supportedLocale = findSupportedLocale(request, supportedLocales);
		if (supportedLocale != null) {
			return supportedLocale;
		}
		return (defaultLocale != null ? defaultLocale : requestLocale);
	}

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