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三分钟学会.NET Core Jwt 策略授权认证

张子浩 人气:1

一.前言

  大家好我又回来了,前几天讲过一个关于Jwt的身份验证最简单的案例,但是功能还是不够强大,不适用于真正的项目,是的,在真正面对复杂而又苛刻的客户中,我们会不知所措,就现在需要将认证授权这一块也变的复杂而又实用起来,那在专业术语中就叫做自定义策略的API认证,本次案例运行在.NET Core 3.0中,最后我们将在swagger中进行浏览,来尝试项目是否正常,对于.NET Core 2.x 版本,这篇文章有些代码不适用,但我会在文中说明。

二.在.NET Core中尝试

  我们都知道Jwt是为了认证,微软给我们提供了进城打鬼子的城门,那就是 AuthorizationHandle。

  我们首先要实现它,并且我们还可以根据依赖注入的 AuthorizationHandlerContext 来获取上下文,就这样我们就更可以做一些权限的手脚

public class PolicyHandler : AuthorizationHandler<PolicyRequirement>
    {
        protected override Task HandleRequirementAsync(AuthorizationHandlerContext context, PolicyRequirement requirement)
        {
            var http = (context.Resource as Microsoft.AspNetCore.Routing.RouteEndpoint);
            var questUrl = "/"+http.RoutePattern.RawText; 
            //赋值用户权限
            var userPermissions = requirement.UserPermissions;
            //是否经过验证
            var isAuthenticated = context.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated;
            if (isAuthenticated)
            {
                if (userPermissions.Any(u=>u.Url == questUrl))
                {
                    //用户名
                    var userName = context.User.Claims.SingleOrDefault(s => s.Type == ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier).Value;
                    if (userPermissions.Any(w => w.UserName == userName))
                    {
                        context.Succeed(requirement);
                    }
                }
            }
            return Task.CompletedTask;
        }
    }

  首先,我们重写了 HandleRequirementAsync 方法,如果你看过AspNetCore的源码你一定知道,它是Jwt身份认证的开端,也就是说你重写了它,原来那一套就不会走了,我们观察一下源码,我贴在下面,可以看到这就是一个最基本的授权,通过 context.Succeed(requirement 完成了最后的认证动作!

public class DenyAnonymousAuthorizationRequirement : AuthorizationHandler<DenyAnonymousAuthorizationRequirement>, IAuthorizationRequirement
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Makes a decision if authorization is allowed based on a specific requirement.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="context">The authorization context.</param>
        /// <param name="requirement">The requirement to evaluate.</param>
        protected override Task HandleRequirementAsync(AuthorizationHandlerContext context, DenyAnonymousAuthorizationRequirement requirement)
        {
            var user = context.User;
            var userIsAnonymous =
                user?.Identity == null ||
                !user.Identities.Any(i => i.IsAuthenticated);
            if (!userIsAnonymous)
            {
                context.Succeed(requirement);
            }
            return Task.CompletedTask;
        }
    }

那么  Succeed  是一个什么呢?它是一个在  AuthorizationHandlerContext的定义动作,包括Fail() ,也是如此,当然具体实现我们不在细谈,其内部还是挺复杂的,不过我们需要的是  DenyAnonymousAuthorizationRequirement  被当作了抽象的一部分。

public abstract class AuthorizationHandler<TRequirement> : IAuthorizationHandler
            where TRequirement : IAuthorizationRequirement
    {}

好吧,言归正传(看源码挺刺激的),我们刚刚在  PolicyHandler实现了自定义认证策略,上面还说到了两个方法。现在我们在项目中配置并启动它,并且我在代码中也是用了Swagger用于后面的演示。

在  AddJwtBearer中我们添加了jwt验证包括了验证参数以及几个事件处理,这个很基本,不在解释。不过在Swagger中添加jwt的一些功能是在  AddSecurityDefinition  中写入的。

public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            //添加策略鉴权模式
            services.AddAuthorization(options =>
            {
                options.AddPolicy("Permission", policy => policy.Requirements.Add(new PolicyRequirement()));
            })
            .AddAuthentication(s =>
            {
                //添加JWT Scheme
                s.DefaultAuthenticateScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;
                s.DefaultScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;
                s.DefaultChallengeScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;
            })
            //添加jwt验证:
            .AddJwtBearer(options =>
            {
                options.TokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters
                {
                    ValidateLifetime = true,//是否验证失效时间
                    ClockSkew = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30),

                    ValidateAudience = true,//是否验证Audience
                    //ValidAudience = Const.GetValidudience(),//Audience
                    //这里采用动态验证的方式,在重新登陆时,刷新token,旧token就强制失效了
                    AudienceValidator = (m, n, z) =>
                    {
                        return m != null && m.FirstOrDefault().Equals(Const.ValidAudience);
                    },
                    ValidateIssuer = true,//是否验证Issuer
                    ValidIssuer = Const.Domain,//Issuer,这两项和前面签发jwt的设置一致

                    ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true,//是否验证SecurityKey
                    IssuerSigningKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(Const.SecurityKey))//拿到SecurityKey
                };
                options.Events = new JwtBearerEvents
                {
                    OnAuthenticationFailed = context =>
                    {
                        //Token expired
                        if (context.Exception.GetType() == typeof(SecurityTokenExpiredException))
                        {
                            context.Response.Headers.Add("Token-Expired", "true");
                        }
                        return Task.CompletedTask;
                    }
                };
            }); 
            services.AddSwaggerGen(c =>
            {
                c.SwaggerDoc("v1", new OpenApiInfo
                {
                    Version = "v1",
                    Title = "HaoZi JWT",
                    Description = "基于.NET Core 3.0 的JWT 身份验证",
                    Contact = new OpenApiContact
                    {
                        Name = "zaranet",
                        Email = "zaranet@163.com",
                        Url = new Uri("http://cnblogs.com/zaranet"),
                    },
                });
                c.AddSecurityDefinition("Bearer", new OpenApiSecurityScheme()
                {
                    Description = "在下框中输入请求头中需要添加Jwt授权Token:Bearer Token",
                    Name = "Authorization",
                    In = ParameterLocation.Header,
                    Type = SecuritySchemeType.ApiKey,
                    BearerFormat = "JWT",
                    Scheme = "Bearer"
                });
                c.AddSecurityRequirement(new OpenApiSecurityRequirement
                {
                    {
                        new OpenApiSecurityScheme
                        {
                            Reference = new OpenApiReference {
                                Type = ReferenceType.SecurityScheme,
                                Id = "Bearer"
                            }
                        },
                        new string[] { }
                    }
                });
            });
            //认证服务
            services.AddSingleton<IAuthorizationHandler, PolicyHandler>();
            services.AddControllers();
        }

在以上代码中,我们通过鉴权模式添加了认证规则,一个名叫  PolicyRequirement  的类,它实现了  IAuthorizationRequirement  接口,其中我们需要定义一些规则,通过构造函数我们可以添加我们要识别的权限规则。那个UserName就是 Attribute 。

public class PolicyRequirement : IAuthorizationRequirement
    {/// <summary>
     /// User rights collection
     /// </summary>
        public List<UserPermission> UserPermissions { get; private set; }
        /// <summary>
        /// No permission action
        /// </summary>
        public string DeniedAction { get; set; }
        /// <summary>
        /// structure
        /// </summary>
        public PolicyRequirement()
        {
            //Jump to this route without permission
            DeniedAction = new PathString("/api/nopermission");
            //Route configuration that users have access to, of course you can read it from the database, you can also put it in Redis for persistence
            UserPermissions = new List<UserPermission> {
                              new UserPermission {  Url="/api/value3", UserName="admin"},
                          };
        }
    }
    public class UserPermission
    {
        public string UserName { get; set; }
        public string Url { get; set; }
    }

随后我们应当启动我们的服务,在.NET Core 3.0 中身份验证的中间件位置需要在路由和端点配置的中间。

public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IWebHostEnvironment env)
        {
            ///添加jwt验证
            app.UseAuthentication();
            if (env.IsDevelopment())
            {
                app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
            }
            app.UseSwagger();
            app.UseSwaggerUI(c =>
            {
                c.SwaggerEndpoint("/swagger/v1/swagger.json", "My API V1");
            });
            app.UseSwagger();
            app.UseRouting();
            app.UseAuthentication();
            app.UseAuthorization();
            app.UseEndpoints(endpoints =>
            {
                endpoints.MapControllers();
            });
        }

  我们通常会有一个获取token的API,用于让Jwt通过  JwtSecurityTokenHandler().WriteToken(token)  用于生成我们的token,虽然jwt是没有状态的,但你应该也明白,如果你的jwt生成了随后你重启了你的网站,你的jwt会失效,这个是因为你的密钥进行了改变,如果你的密钥一直写死,那么这个jwt将不会再过期,这个还是有安全风险的,这个我不在这里解释,gettoken定义如下:

  [ApiController]
    public class AuthController : ControllerBase
    {
        [AllowAnonymous]
        [HttpGet]
        [Route("api/nopermission")]
        public IActionResult NoPermission()
        {
            return Forbid("No Permission!");
        }
        /// <summary>
        /// login
        /// </summary>
        [AllowAnonymous]
        [HttpGet]
        [Route("api/auth")]
        public IActionResult Get(string userName, string pwd)
        {
            if (CheckAccount(userName, pwd, out string role))
            {
                Const.ValidAudience = userName + pwd + DateTime.Now.ToString();
                // push the user’s name into a claim, so we can identify the user later on.
                //这里可以随意加入自定义的参数,key可以自己随便起
                var claims = new[]
                {
                    new Claim(JwtRegisteredClaimNames.Nbf,$"{new DateTimeOffset(DateTime.Now).ToUnixTimeSeconds()}") ,
                    new Claim (JwtRegisteredClaimNames.Exp,$"{new DateTimeOffset(DateTime.Now.AddMinutes(30)).ToUnixTimeSeconds()}"),
                    new Claim(ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier, userName),
                    new Claim("Role", role)
                };
                //sign the token using a secret key.This secret will be shared between your API and anything that needs to check that the token is legit.
                var key = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(Const.SecurityKey));
                var creds = new SigningCredentials(key, SecurityAlgorithms.HmacSha256);
                //.NET Core’s JwtSecurityToken class takes on the heavy lifting and actually creates the token.
                var token = new JwtSecurityToken(
                    issuer: Const.Domain, //颁发者
                    audience: Const.ValidAudience,//过期时间
                    expires: DateTime.Now.AddMinutes(30),// 签名证书
                    signingCredentials: creds, //自定义参数
                    claims: claims );
                return Ok(new
                {
                    token = new JwtSecurityTokenHandler().WriteToken(token)
                });
            }
            else
            {
                return BadRequest(new { message = "username or password is incorrect." });
            }
        }
        /// <summary>
        /// 模拟登陆校验
        /// </summary>
        private bool CheckAccount(string userName, string pwd, out string role)
        {
            role = "user";
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(userName))
                return false;
            if (userName.Equals("admin"))
                role = "admin";
            return true;
        }

  可能比较特别的是  AllowAnonymous  ,这个看我文章的同学可能头一次见,其实怎么说好呢,这个可无可有,没有硬性的要求,我看到好几个知名博主加上了,我也加上了~...最后我们创建了几个资源控制器,它们是受保护的。

  在你添加策略权限的时候例如政策名称是XXX,那么在对应的api表头就应该是XXX,随后到了  PolicyHandler我们解析了 Claims 处理了它是否有权限。

// GET api/values1
        [HttpGet]
        [Route("api/value1")]
        public ActionResult<IEnumerable<string>> Get()
        {
            return new string[] { "value1", "value1" };
        }
        // GET api/values2
        /**
         * 该接口用Authorize特性做了权限校验,如果没有通过权限校验,则http返回状态码为401
         */
        [HttpGet]
        [Route("api/value2")]
        [Authorize]
        public ActionResult<IEnumerable<string>> Get2()
        {
            var auth = HttpContext.AuthenticateAsync().Result.Principal.Claims;
            var userName = auth.FirstOrDefault(t => t.Type.Equals(ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier))?.Value;
            return new string[] { "这个接口登陆过的都能访问", $"userName={userName}" };
        }
        /**
         * 这个接口必须用admin
         **/
        [HttpGet]
        [Route("api/value3")]
        [Authorize("Permission")]
        public ActionResult<IEnumerable<string>> Get3()
        {
            //这是获取自定义参数的方法
            var auth = HttpContext.AuthenticateAsync().Result.Principal.Claims;
            var userName = auth.FirstOrDefault(t => t.Type.Equals(ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier))?.Value;
            var role = auth.FirstOrDefault(t => t.Type.Equals("Role"))?.Value;
            return new string[] { "这个接口有管理员权限才可以访问", $"userName={userName}", $"Role={role}" };
        }

三.效果图

四.栗子源代码和以往版本

  看到很多前辈彩的坑,原来的  (context.Resource as Microsoft.AspNetCore.Routing.RouteEndpoint);  实际上在.NET Core 3.0 已经不能用了,原因是.NET Core 3.0 启用 EndpointRouting 后,权限filter不再添加到 ActionDescriptor ,而将权限直接作为中间件运行,同时所有filter都会添加到  endpoint.Metadata  ,如果在.NET Core 2.1 & 2.2 版本中你通常Handler可以这么写:

public class PolicyHandler : AuthorizationHandler<PolicyRequirement>
    {
        protected override Task HandleRequirementAsync(AuthorizationHandlerContext context, PolicyRequirement requirement)
        {
            //赋值用户权限
            var userPermissions = requirement.UserPermissions;
            //从AuthorizationHandlerContext转成HttpContext,以便取出表求信息
            var httpContext = (context.Resource as Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Filters.AuthorizationFilterContext).HttpContext;
            //请求Url
            var questUrl = httpContext.Request.Path.Value.ToUpperInvariant();
            //是否经过验证
            var isAuthenticated = httpContext.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated;
            if (isAuthenticated)
            {
                if (userPermissions.GroupBy(g => g.Url).Any(w => w.Key.ToUpperInvariant() == questUrl))
                {
                    //用户名
                    var userName = httpContext.User.Claims.SingleOrDefault(s => s.Type == ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier).Value;
                    if (userPermissions.Any(w => w.UserName == userName && w.Url.ToUpperInvariant() == questUrl))
                    {
                        context.Succeed(requirement);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        //无权限跳转到拒绝页面
                        httpContext.Response.Redirect(requirement.DeniedAction);
                    }
                }
                else
                    context.Succeed(requirement);
            }
            return Task.CompletedTask;
        }
    }

  该案例源代码在我的Github上:https://github.com/zaranetCore/aspNetCore_JsonwebToken/tree/master/Jwt_Policy_Demo  谢谢大家

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