Linux下使用quota命令管理磁盘空间的实例教程
人气:01.通过yum 方式 安装quota
#yum install quota
2.VirtualBox创建硬盘
如果你的Linux环境建立在VirtualBox下：
（1）关闭虚拟机镜像
点击setting 配置虚拟机所使用的硬件
（2）配置新硬盘
选择Create new disk
选择VHD （virtual hard disk）
输入硬盘镜像名字
（3）格式化硬盘
进入linux，使用命令创建硬盘进行格式化
#mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb
（4）为硬盘空间寻找目录
#mount /dev/sdb /home
如果有需要长期挂着，请自行百度如何修改/etc/fstab，本人修改多次，让系统多次崩溃，最终放弃，选择在 vi /etc/rc.local 里面，业余的加入 mount /dev/sdb /home 这条命令。
3.格式化新创建的硬盘
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb
mke2fs 1.41.12 (12-Apr-2016)
/dev/sdb is entire device, not just one partition!
Proceed anyway? (y,n) y
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
524288 inodes, 2097152 blocks
104857 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=2147483648
64 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 24 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
挂在硬盘到/home目录
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sdb /home/
[root@localhost ~]# mount -o remount,usrquota,grpquota /home
[root@localhost ~]# mount
/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root on / type ext4 (rw)
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)
tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0")
/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw)
none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw)
/dev/sdb on /home type ext4 (rw,usrquota,grpquota)
为系统设置启动后自动挂载硬盘
[root@localhost ~]#vi /etc/rc.local
添加
mount /dev/sdb /home
mount -o remount,usrquota,grpquota /home
备注：本人并没有采取修改/etc/fstab 的方法，因为该方法容易因为输入的字符或格式不对导致系统崩溃，所以采取了修改用户启动文件的方法
4.配置quota
[root@localhost ~]#quotacheck -avug 对整个系统含有 usrquota, grpquota 参数的文件系统进行 quotacheck 扫描
quotacheck: Your kernel probably supports journaled quota but you are not using it. Consider switching to journaled quota to avoid running quotacheck after an unclean shutdown.
quotacheck: Scanning /dev/sdb [/home] done
quotacheck: Cannot stat old user quota file: No such file or directory
quotacheck: Cannot stat old group quota file: No such file or directory
quotacheck: Cannot stat old user quota file: No such file or directory
quotacheck: Cannot stat old group quota file: No such file or directory
quotacheck: Checked 2 directories and 0 files
quotacheck: Cannot create new quotafile /home/aquota.user.new: Permission denied
quotacheck: Cannot initialize IO on new quotafile: Permission denied
quotacheck: Cannot create new quotafile /home/aquota.group.new: Permission denied
quotacheck: Cannot initialize IO on new quotafile: Permission denied
出现报错，报错原因是因为没有关闭selinux
[root@localhost ~]# setenforce 0
[root@localhost ~]# quotacheck -avug
quotacheck: Your kernel probably supports journaled quota but you are not using it. Consider switching to journaled quota to avoid running quotacheck after an unclean shutdown.
quotacheck: Scanning /dev/sdb [/home] done
quotacheck: Cannot stat old user quota file: No such file or directory
quotacheck: Cannot stat old group quota file: No such file or directory
quotacheck: Cannot stat old user quota file: No such file or directory
quotacheck: Cannot stat old group quota file: No such file or directory
quotacheck: Checked 2 directories and 0 files
quotacheck: Old file not found.
quotacheck: Old file not found.
成功生成
[root@localhost ~]#quotaon -auvg 启动quota
5.为用户添加硬盘空间限制
创建账户
[root@localhost ~]# useradd quotauser1
[root@localhost ~]# passwd quotauser1
[root@localhost ~]# edquota -u quotauser1
Disk quotas for user quotauser1 (uid 500):
Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard
/dev/sdb 16 500000 600000 4 0 0
限制用户quotauser1的使用空间为500M，最大限制是600M
参数意义参考
soft ：这是最低限制容量的意思，使用者在宽限期间之内，他的容量可以超过 soft ，但必需要宽限时间之内将磁盘容量降低到 soft 的容量限制之下！
hard ：这是『绝对不能超过』的容量！跟 soft 相比的意思为何呢？通常 hard limit 会比 soft limit 为高，例如网络磁盘空间为 30 MB ，那么 hard limit 就设定为 30MB ，但是为了让使用者有一定的警戒心，所以当使用空间超过 25 MB 时，例如使用者使用了 27 MB 的空间时，那么系统就会警告使用者，让使用者可以在『宽限时间内』将他的档案量降低至 25 MB ( 亦即是 soft limit )之内！也就是说， soft 到 hard 之间的容量其实就是宽限的容量啦！可以达到针对使用者的『警示』作用！
宽限时间：那么宽限时间就可以很清楚的知道含意是什么了！也就是当您的使用者使用的空间超过了 soft limit ，却还没有到达 hard limit 时，那么在这个『宽限时间』之内，就必需要请使用者将使用的磁盘容量降低到 soft limit 之下！而当使用者将磁盘容量使用情况超过 soft limit 时，『宽限时间』就会自动被启动，而在使用者将容量降低到 soft limit 之下，那么宽限时间就会自动的取消啰！
6.测试
登陆quotauser1
创建超过600M的文件
[quotauser1@localhost ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=bigfile bs=1M count=700
sdb: warning, user block quota exceeded.
sdb: write failed, user block limit reached.
dd: writing `bigfile': Disk quota exceeded
586+0 records in
585+0 records out
614379520 bytes (614 MB) copied, 2.75934 s, 223 MB/s
[quotauser1@localhost ~]$ ls
bigfile
[quotauser1@localhost ~]$ ls -l
total 599984
-rw-rw-r--. 1 quotauser1 quotauser1 614379520 Sep 28 03:28 bigfile
可以发现文件的大小被限制了
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