详解tensorflow之过拟合问题实战
逐梦er 人气:0过拟合问题实战
1.构建数据集
我们使用的数据集样本特性向量长度为 2,标签为 0 或 1,分别代表了 2 种类别。借助于 scikit-learn 库中提供的 make_moons 工具我们可以生成任意多数据的训练集。
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # 导入数据集生成工具 import numpy as np import seaborn as sns from sklearn.datasets import make_moons from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split from tensorflow.keras import layers, Sequential, regularizers from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
为了演示过拟合现象,我们只采样了 1000 个样本数据,同时添加标准差为 0.25 的高斯噪声数据:
def load_dataset(): # 采样点数 N_SAMPLES = 1000 # 测试数量比率 TEST_SIZE = None # 从 moon 分布中随机采样 1000 个点,并切分为训练集-测试集 X, y = make_moons(n_samples=N_SAMPLES, noise=0.25, random_state=100) X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=TEST_SIZE, random_state=42) return X, y, X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test
make_plot 函数可以方便地根据样本的坐标 X 和样本的标签 y 绘制出数据的分布图:
def make_plot(X, y, plot_name, file_name, XX=None, YY=None, preds=None, dark=False, output_dir=OUTPUT_DIR): # 绘制数据集的分布, X 为 2D 坐标, y 为数据点的标签 if dark: plt.style.use('dark_background') else: sns.set_style("whitegrid") axes = plt.gca() axes.set_xlim([-2, 3]) axes.set_ylim([-1.5, 2]) axes.set(xlabel="$x_1$", ylabel="$x_2$") plt.title(plot_name, fontsize=20, fontproperties='SimHei') plt.subplots_adjust(left=0.20) plt.subplots_adjust(right=0.80) if XX is not None and YY is not None and preds is not None: plt.contourf(XX, YY, preds.reshape(XX.shape), 25, alpha=0.08, cmap=plt.cm.Spectral) plt.contour(XX, YY, preds.reshape(XX.shape), levels=[.5], cmap="Greys", vmin=0, vmax=.6) # 绘制散点图,根据标签区分颜色m=markers markers = ['o' if i == 1 else 's' for i in y.ravel()] mscatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], c=y.ravel(), s=20, cmap=plt.cm.Spectral, edgecolors='none', m=markers, ax=axes) # 保存矢量图 plt.savefig(output_dir + '/' + file_name) plt.close()
def mscatter(x, y, ax=None, m=None, **kw): import matplotlib.markers as mmarkers if not ax: ax = plt.gca() sc = ax.scatter(x, y, **kw) if (m is not None) and (len(m) == len(x)): paths = [] for marker in m: if isinstance(marker, mmarkers.MarkerStyle): marker_obj = marker else: marker_obj = mmarkers.MarkerStyle(marker) path = marker_obj.get_path().transformed( marker_obj.get_transform()) paths.append(path) sc.set_paths(paths) return sc
X, y, X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = load_dataset() make_plot(X,y,"haha",'月牙形状二分类数据集分布.svg')
2.网络层数的影响
为了探讨不同的网络深度下的过拟合程度,我们共进行了 5 次训练实验。在𝑛 ∈ [0,4]时,构建网络层数为n + 2层的全连接层网络,并通过 Adam 优化器训练 500 个 Epoch
def network_layers_influence(X_train, y_train): # 构建 5 种不同层数的网络 for n in range(5): # 创建容器 model = Sequential() # 创建第一层 model.add(layers.Dense(8, input_dim=2, activation='relu')) # 添加 n 层,共 n+2 层 for _ in range(n): model.add(layers.Dense(32, activation='relu')) # 创建最末层 model.add(layers.Dense(1, activation='sigmoid')) # 模型装配与训练 model.compile(loss='binary_crossentropy', optimizer='adam', metrics=['accuracy']) model.fit(X_train, y_train, epochs=N_EPOCHS, verbose=1) # 绘制不同层数的网络决策边界曲线 # 可视化的 x 坐标范围为[-2, 3] xx = np.arange(-2, 3, 0.01) # 可视化的 y 坐标范围为[-1.5, 2] yy = np.arange(-1.5, 2, 0.01) # 生成 x-y 平面采样网格点,方便可视化 XX, YY = np.meshgrid(xx, yy) preds = model.predict_classes(np.c_[XX.ravel(), YY.ravel()]) print(preds) title = "网络层数:{0}".format(2 + n) file = "网络容量_%i.png" % (2 + n) make_plot(X_train, y_train, title, file, XX, YY, preds, output_dir=OUTPUT_DIR + '/network_layers')
3.Dropout的影响
为了探讨 Dropout 层对网络训练的影响,我们共进行了 5 次实验,每次实验使用 7 层的全连接层网络进行训练,但是在全连接层中间隔插入 0~4 个 Dropout 层并通过 Adam优化器训练 500 个 Epoch
def dropout_influence(X_train, y_train): # 构建 5 种不同数量 Dropout 层的网络 for n in range(5): # 创建容器 model = Sequential() # 创建第一层 model.add(layers.Dense(8, input_dim=2, activation='relu')) counter = 0 # 网络层数固定为 5 for _ in range(5): model.add(layers.Dense(64, activation='relu')) # 添加 n 个 Dropout 层 if counter < n: counter += 1 model.add(layers.Dropout(rate=0.5)) # 输出层 model.add(layers.Dense(1, activation='sigmoid')) # 模型装配 model.compile(loss='binary_crossentropy', optimizer='adam', metrics=['accuracy']) # 训练 model.fit(X_train, y_train, epochs=N_EPOCHS, verbose=1) # 绘制不同 Dropout 层数的决策边界曲线 # 可视化的 x 坐标范围为[-2, 3] xx = np.arange(-2, 3, 0.01) # 可视化的 y 坐标范围为[-1.5, 2] yy = np.arange(-1.5, 2, 0.01) # 生成 x-y 平面采样网格点,方便可视化 XX, YY = np.meshgrid(xx, yy) preds = model.predict_classes(np.c_[XX.ravel(), YY.ravel()]) title = "无Dropout层" if n == 0 else "{0}层 Dropout层".format(n) file = "Dropout_%i.png" % n make_plot(X_train, y_train, title, file, XX, YY, preds, output_dir=OUTPUT_DIR + '/dropout')
4.正则化的影响
为了探讨正则化系数𝜆对网络模型训练的影响,我们采用 L2 正则化方式,构建了 5 层的神经网络,其中第 2,3,4 层神经网络层的权值张量 W 均添加 L2 正则化约束项:
def build_model_with_regularization(_lambda): # 创建带正则化项的神经网络 model = Sequential() model.add(layers.Dense(8, input_dim=2, activation='relu')) # 不带正则化项 # 2-4层均是带 L2 正则化项 model.add(layers.Dense(256, activation='relu', kernel_regularizer=regularizers.l2(_lambda))) model.add(layers.Dense(256, activation='relu', kernel_regularizer=regularizers.l2(_lambda))) model.add(layers.Dense(256, activation='relu', kernel_regularizer=regularizers.l2(_lambda))) # 输出层 model.add(layers.Dense(1, activation='sigmoid')) model.compile(loss='binary_crossentropy', optimizer='adam', metrics=['accuracy']) # 模型装配 return model
下面我们首先来实现一个权重可视化的函数
def plot_weights_matrix(model, layer_index, plot_name, file_name, output_dir=OUTPUT_DIR): # 绘制权值范围函数 # 提取指定层的权值矩阵 weights = model.layers[layer_index].get_weights()[0] shape = weights.shape # 生成和权值矩阵等大小的网格坐标 X = np.array(range(shape[1])) Y = np.array(range(shape[0])) X, Y = np.meshgrid(X, Y) # 绘制3D图 fig = plt.figure() ax = fig.gca(projection='3d') ax.xaxis.set_pane_color((1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0)) ax.yaxis.set_pane_color((1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0)) ax.zaxis.set_pane_color((1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0)) plt.title(plot_name, fontsize=20, fontproperties='SimHei') # 绘制权值矩阵范围 ax.plot_surface(X, Y, weights, cmap=plt.get_cmap('rainbow'), linewidth=0) # 设置坐标轴名 ax.set_xlabel('网格x坐标', fontsize=16, rotation=0, fontproperties='SimHei') ax.set_ylabel('网格y坐标', fontsize=16, rotation=0, fontproperties='SimHei') ax.set_zlabel('权值', fontsize=16, rotation=90, fontproperties='SimHei') # 保存矩阵范围图 plt.savefig(output_dir + "/" + file_name + ".svg") plt.close(fig)
在保持网络结构不变的条件下,我们通过调节正则化系数 𝜆 = 0.00001,0.001,0.1,0.12,0.13
来测试网络的训练效果,并绘制出学习模型在训练集上的决策边界曲线
def regularizers_influence(X_train, y_train): for _lambda in [1e-5, 1e-3, 1e-1, 0.12, 0.13]: # 设置不同的正则化系数 # 创建带正则化项的模型 model = build_model_with_regularization(_lambda) # 模型训练 model.fit(X_train, y_train, epochs=N_EPOCHS, verbose=1) # 绘制权值范围 layer_index = 2 plot_title = "正则化系数:{}".format(_lambda) file_name = "正则化网络权值_" + str(_lambda) # 绘制网络权值范围图 plot_weights_matrix(model, layer_index, plot_title, file_name, output_dir=OUTPUT_DIR + '/regularizers') # 绘制不同正则化系数的决策边界线 # 可视化的 x 坐标范围为[-2, 3] xx = np.arange(-2, 3, 0.01) # 可视化的 y 坐标范围为[-1.5, 2] yy = np.arange(-1.5, 2, 0.01) # 生成 x-y 平面采样网格点,方便可视化 XX, YY = np.meshgrid(xx, yy) preds = model.predict_classes(np.c_[XX.ravel(), YY.ravel()]) title = "正则化系数:{}".format(_lambda) file = "正则化_%g.svg" % _lambda make_plot(X_train, y_train, title, file, XX, YY, preds, output_dir=OUTPUT_DIR + '/regularizers')
regularizers_influence(X_train, y_train)
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